Import Manufacture

Sulfur is a component of black gunpowder, and is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber and a fungicide. It is also used extensively in making phosphatic fertilizers. A tremendous tonnage is used to produce sulfuric acid, the most important manufactured chemical. 

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was enacted in 1976 to identify and control toxic chemical ha2ards to human health and the environment. One of the main provisions of TSCA was to estabUsh and maintain an inventory of all chemicals in commerce in the United States for the purpose of regulating any of the chemicals that might pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. An initial inventory of chemicals was estabhshed by requiring companies to report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) all substances that were imported, manufactured, processed, distributed, or disposed of in the United States. Over 50,000 chemical substances were reported. PoUowing this initial inventory, introduction of all new chemical substances requires a Premanufacturing Notification (PMN) process. To be included in the PMN are the identity of the new chemical, the estimated first year and maximum production volume, manufacture and process information, a description of proposed use, potential release to the environment, possible human exposure to the new substance, and any health or environmental test data available at the time of submission. In the 10 years that TSCA has been in effect, the USEPA has received over 10,000 PMNs and up to 10% of the submissions each year are for dyes (382)... 

The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and rules 1945 have been passed with the objectives of regulating the import, manufacture, distribution and sale of drugs cosmetics. The Act and rules have been amended from time to time and the latest and major amendment was made in 1982. Schedules G H have been revised and new schedule X have been added and schedules E, I L have been deleted. According to the Act, now there are four categories of drugs ... 

X List of drugs whose import, manufacture and sale, labelling and packaging are governed by special provisions. 

The illegal importation, manufacture, distribution, and possession and improper use of controlled substances have a substantial and detrimental effect on the health and general welfare of the American people. 

The most important manufacturers are Bayer, Harcross, Laporte and Toda (Japan). 

The European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS) consists of substances on the market in the European Community between 1971 and 1981.19 These substances may be imported or manufactured without further notification. The list of 100,106 substances was published in 1990, and the contents are fixed. All chemicals that will be marketed after the September 18,1981 are not placed on the EINECS. These chemicals have to be notified before they will be placed on the market according to the sixth Amendment of Directive 67/548/EEC, Directive 79/831/EEC. Once assessed, these new chemicals are listed on the European List of New Chemical Substances (ELINCS).20 These substances must be notified by each new importer/manufacturer (although sometimes reduced notification packages may be accepted if the substance has already... 

The Administrative Measure on the Control of Pollution Caused by Electronic Information Products (China-RoHS) entered into force in March 2007.85 The legislation is applicable to import, manufacture, and sale of products in China. Products for export are specifically excluded. Many product types that are not within the scope of the EU RoHS are within the scope of the China RoHS and vice versa. In addition, the initial disclosure, declaration, and exemption requirements for a RoHS certificate in China are different from the EU RoHS. The same six hazardous substances are regulated (lead, cadmium, chromium(VI), mercury, PBBs, and PBDEs, with the exception of deca-BDE). The China RoHS is likely to be upgraded to national regulation and to be amended in the future to potentially cover more products. More detailed materials testing is required in the China RoHS and is accepted only if performed by certified Chinese laboratories. A table in the product documentation must identify which hazardous substances are contained and which components are present. 

Protection of people and the environment by determining the risks to occupational health and safety, to the public and to the environment which are associated with the importation, manufacture or use of a chemical... 

R. McConnell, Large-Scale Deployment of Concentrating PV Important Manufacturing and Reliability Issues, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Solar Electric Concentrators, New Orleans, Louisiana, NREL/EL-590-32461, May 2002. 

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