Industrial oils viscosity index

Lubricants, Fuels, and Petroleum. The adipate and azelate diesters of through alcohols, as weU as those of tridecyl alcohol, are used as synthetic lubricants, hydrauHc fluids, and brake fluids. Phosphate esters are utilized as industrial and aviation functional fluids and to a smaH extent as additives in other lubricants. A number of alcohols, particularly the Cg materials, are employed to produce zinc dialkyldithiophosphates as lubricant antiwear additives. A smaH amount is used to make viscosity index improvers for lubricating oils. 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate [24247-96-7] serves as a cetane improver for diesel fuels and hexanol is used as an additive to fuel oil or other fuels (57). Various enhanced oil recovery processes utilize formulations containing hexanol or heptanol to displace oil from underground reservoirs (58) the alcohols and derivatives are also used as defoamers in oil production. 

Lubricants. Petroleum lubricants continue to be the mainstay for automotive, industrial, and process lubricants. Synthetic oils are used extensively in industry and for jet engines they, of course, are made from hydrocarbons. Since the viscosity index (a measure of the viscosity behavior of a lubricant with change in temperature) of lube oil fractions from different cmdes may vary from +140 to as low as —300, additional refining steps are needed. To improve the viscosity index (VI), lube oil fractions are subjected to solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, solvent deasphalting, and hydrogenation. Furthermore, automotive lube oils typically contain about 12—14% additives. These additives maybe oxidation inhibitors to prevent formation of gum and varnish, corrosion inhibitors, or detergent dispersants, and viscosity index improvers. The United States consumption of lubricants is shown in Table 7. 

For industrial applications, hydraulic oil viscosity is typically approximately 150 SUS at 100°F. It is a general rule that the viscosity should never go below 45 SUS or above 4000 SUS, regardless of temperature. Where temperature extremes are encountered, the fluid should have a high viscosity index. 

With the high-temperature solution polymerization processes, various ethylene homo- and copolymers with different average molecular mass and copolymer compositions are produced. The product portfolio comprises PE-HD, PE-LLD, PE-VLD, and the ethylene/propylene elastomers (EPM, EPDM) (see Figure 2). The thermoplastic products have a wide range of applications [1]. The elastomeric ethylene/propylene copolymers can also be applied widely in the automotive industry, for plastics modification, in industrial applications such as seals, in electrical cables, and in tires [2], Uncured ethylene/propylene copolymers are applicable as viscosity index improvers for lubricant oils [5]. 

Paraffinic base oils are characterised by good viscosity/temperature characteristics, i.e. high viscosity index, adequate low-temperature properties and good stability. In oil industry terminology, they are frequently called solvent neutrals, SN, where solvent means that the base oil has been solvent refined and neutral means... 

Solvent extraction Solvent extraction is a method of separating compounds based on their solubility in different immiscible liquids. In industrial processes, solvents are typically transferred from an aqueous phase to an organic phase. Viscosity index Viscosity index is a measure of the change of kinematic viscosity with temperature and indicates an oil s ability to lubricate with a change in temperature. The VI scale set by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). VI = 0 is naphthenic oil and VI = 100 is paraffinic oil. 

Fortum is well known on the market with its high quality oils that use polyalphaolefins (PAO) and extra high viscosity index (EHVI) oils as base oils. PAO are synthetic oils of very high quality that are used for oils manufacture for the transport, food and cosmetic industries. Neste was one of four companies in the world that manufactured PAO oils. EHVI oils are manufactured using the hydro-isomerization process. The quality of this oil is very close to the quality of PAO and much higher than the quality of the normal mineral oils. 

Oil industry has a long history of application of NMR spectroscopy for characterization of crude oils, products and oil fractions. The methodology has been mainly ID proton- or carbon-detected experiments. Quantitative NMR and NMR experiments have been used in estimation of aromatic, olefin, naphtene and paraffin proportions in the samples. ° A more detailed characterization has been obtained using various ID carbon-detected experiments, like GASPE, CSE, QUAT and DEPT to obtain quantitative CH sub-spectra. " The goal of characterization of the oil fractions and quantification of certain structural features has been to find correlation between these features and the product properties (e.g. viscosity index, pour point). Due to environmental concerns oil companies are nowadays more interested in development of lubricant base oils that have low aromatic and olefin contents. Hydrogenation of unsaturated components also improves the stability of the base oils, which is an important property for the end-product. Quantitative analysis of a saturated oil fraction with NMR is a major challenge. When the oil fraction contains only aliphatic compounds, the spectrum width that contains the resonances narrows to ca. 1 ppm in the NMR spectrum and ca. 50 ppm in NMR spectrum. This causes excessive... 

FIGURE 3.5 Data from Dean et al.5 viscosity at 210°F and 100°F for standard samples. Source E. W. Dean, A. D. Bauer, and J. H. Berglund, Viscosity Index of Lubricating Oils, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 32(1) 102-107 (1940). 

Source B. Gillespie and F. A. Smith, Explanation of Some Lubricating Oil Hydrocracking Results in Terms of the Structure of the Viscosity Index Scale, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development 9(4) 535-540 (1970). With permission. 

Source H. Beuther, R. E. Donaldson, and A. M. Henke, Hydrotreating to Produce High Viscosity Index Lubricating Oils, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development 3 174—180 (1964). With permission. 

Still there are efforts to improve the performance of natural mineral oil-based lubricants by the synthesis of oligomeric hydrocarbons, which has been the subject of important research and development in the petroleum industry for many years and has led to commercialization of a number of synthetic lubricants. These materials are based on the oligomerization of a-olefins such as C6-C20 olefins. Industrial research effort on synthetic lubricants has generally focused on improved viscosity index, thermal and oxidative stability, and a pour point equal to or better than that of the corresponding mineral oil lubricants. 

The main purpose of adding VMs in base stocks is to increase the viscosity index of the resultant industrial product and therefore it is also one of the essential and important parameter of the VMs. Viscosity index increase has been observed for different VMs as well as it have also been found that it also varies from base oil to base oil. 

The main applications of TPEs are in the footwear industry, for molded shoe soles and other uses, in the field of film/sheet extrusion and wire coverings, and as pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) and hot-melt adhesives. Other uses are as viscosity index-improver additives in lubricating oils, resins, and asphalt modifiers. TPEs are also used as grips, kitchen utensils, clear medical products, and personal care products. Styrenic TPEs are useful in particular in adhesive compositions in web coatings. 

Medium Viscosity Index oils are suitable for almost all industrial machinery including stationary spark-ignition engines and automobiles in temperate or warm climates. 

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