Industrial and Institutional

Fluorinated surfactants are particularly useful for cleaning hard surfaces such as wood, glass, countertops, and flooring because of their ability to lower surface tension, enhance wettability, and stabilize foam. An early use that continues today is in floor polishes [90]. Cleaning compositions with cationic and nonionic fluorinated surfactants were found both to remove soil exceptionally well and to provide a protective layer which assists future cleaning of the surface by preventing or reducing the adhesion of soil subsequently deposited onto the surface [91, 92]. 

Huorinated surfactants are able to reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions at temperatures up to 70°C which has resulted in valuable applications in the field of 

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About 264,000 metric tons of elemental capacity is available in North America, plus another 79,000 t (P equivalent) of purified wet phosphoric acid (14). About 85% of the elemental P is burned to P2 5 hydrated to phosphoric acid. Part of the acid (ca 21%) is used direcdy, but the biggest part is converted to phosphate compounds. Sodium phosphates account for 47% calcium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates account for 17%. Pinal apphcations include home laundry and automatic dishwasher detergents, industrial and institutional cleaners, food and beverages, metal cleaning and treatment, potable water and wastewater treatment, antifree2e, and electronics. The purified wet acid serves the same markets. 

There are two basic segments in the floor care market the household market which has been declining as a result of changing lifestyles and no-wax floors, and the industrial and institutional (I I) market. Whereas trends in the former have stressed convenience, the I I market, which has been hoi ding fairly steady, has focused on labor saving, either through increased durabihty or faster maintenance. 

Industrial and institutional floor care demands poHshes that accommodate the needs of machine-centered maintenance. The development of machines that buff or burnish with rotational speeds from 1000 to 2000 rpm has produced poHsh formulations that are balanced to accommodate the process (32—36). 

The leading manufacturers in the poHsh categories are S. C. Johnson Son, Inc., Reckitt Coleman, Sara Lee, Scotts Liquid Gold, Turtle Wax, and Alberto Culver for furniture poHshes S. C. Johnson Son, Inc, and L F Products for household floor poHshes S. C. Johnson Son, Inc., Pioneer-EcHpse, Spartan Chemical, HiHyard Chemical Co., and Butcher Co. for industrial and institutional floor poHshes Turtle Wax, Armor AH, Eirst Brands, Kit Products of Northern Labs, Meguires, Blue Coral, and Nu-Finish for automotive poHshes and Kiwi for shoe poHshes (68—72). 

Sulfonates with ether linkages include ring-sulfonated alkylphenol ethoxylates and a disulfonated alkyldiphenyl oxide, Dowfax 2A1, and 3B2 (Dow Chemical Company). This surfactant is characterized by high solubiUty in salt solutions, strong acids, or bases. It is used in industrial and institutional cleaners. 

Industrial Uses. Surfactants are widely used outside the household for a variety of cleaning and other purposes. Often the volume or cost of the surfactant consumed in industrial appHcations is small compared to benefit. The industrial and institutional market accounted for 43% of 1993 usage (see Table 36). 

A 5—6% sodium hypochlorite solution is sold for household purposes, of which the largest use is in laundry. Solutions of 10—15% NaOCl are sold for swimming pool disinfection, institutional laundries, and industrial purposes. Solutions of various strengths are used in household and industrial and institutional (I I) cleaners, disinfectants, and mildewcides. A small amount is used in textile mills. Sodium hypochlorite is also made on site with 30—40 g/L available chlorine for pulp bleaching, but its use is decreasing in order to reduce chloroform emissions (see Chlorine oxygen acids and salts). 

In industrial and institutional bleaching either Hquid or dry chlorine bleaches are used because of their effectiveness, low cost, and germicidal properties. Dry chlorine bleaches, particularly formulated chloroisocyanurates, are used in institutional laundries. 

Thus, a cogeneration system is designed from one of two perspectives it may Be sized to meet the process heat and other steam needs of a plant or community of industrial and institutional users, so that the electric power is treated as a by-produc t which must be either used on site or sold or it may be sized to meet electric power demand, and the rejected heat used to supply needs at or near the site. The latter approach is the likely one if a utility owns the system the former if a chemical plant is the owner. 

Wastes from waste treatment facilities, off-site waste water treatment plants and the water industry Municipal wastes and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes including separately collected fractions Waste from agricultural, horticultural, hunting, fishing and aquaculture primary production, food preparation and processing... 

Commercial, industrial, and institutional electric lighting fixtures... 

Nevertheless, despite all the new resins primarily designed for specialist market niches, for the most part we are primarily concerned with a limited number of standard resin types that provide common exchange functions for general industrial and institutional boiler plant processes such as ... 

Phosphonates are organic phosphates characterized by a C-P-O bond, which is much more resistant to hydrolysis than the polyphosphate bond (O-P-O) or the phosphate ester bond (C-O-P), making them suitable for many types of BW treatment formulation. Phosphonates were originally developed for the industrial and institutional (I I) cleaning market in the 1960s, but are commonly employed in a myriad of applications. 

The total worldwide consumption of AOS in 1990 was of the order of 85,000 tonnes [12] split between household products (55,000 tonnes) toiletries and personal care products (20,000 tonnes), and industrial and institutional uses (10,000 tonnes). The worldwide consumption of all synthetic detergents in 1990 was as follows (1) anionics (3,390,000 tonnes), cationics (815,000 tonnes), and nonionics (910,000 tonnes). From the total of 5,115,000 tonnes, AOS consumption accounts for 1.5%. 

Tausend Kandlejur eine Reaktion, Chemische Rundschau, February 2003 Industrial and institutional expert opinions general advantages of micro flow safety work of institutes particle precipitation pilot-scale operation challenges process control plugging miniature sensing and controlling emulsification market situation [204]. 

Within the NEXUS activity, aimed at strengthening the interaction of European industry and institutes in microsystems technology, user-supplier clubs (USC) are formed as one means for joint developments (for the USC for CAD tools see [240] for the MikroWebFab see [245]). This should serve to promote the industrial uptake, by bridging the gap also to new potential users. 

The CleanGredients development model engages a multi-stakeholder coalition of participants from government entities, environmental organizations, industry associations, cleaning product formulators and distributors, and chemical manufacturers and suppliers, working to shift the direction of industrial and institutional (I I) cleaning product... 

STPP is used primarily as a builder for detergents, including dishwashing detergents (45%) and industrial and institutional detergents (31%). It also has food uses (13%). Up to 1988 it was in the top 50 chemicals because of its powerful ability to sequester dipositive ions in hard water, but it causes eutrophication of lakes and has been replaced in most detergents by other compounds. 

Addresses piping typically found in electric power generating stations, industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems. 

The main interest in this book is the use of laser addressable dyes in optical data recording, specifically WORM (write once read many times) used in the industrial and institutional arena for the mass storage of data, and CD-R used in smaller scale computing, educational and entertainment outlets. 

BioGenesis claims that their chemical formulations display the following characteristics in applications across the spectrum of industrial and institutional cleaning ... 

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