Pilot-scale operation

These criteria have been found to give comparable growth and product rates compared with the pilot-scale operation. If we need to control maximum shear, the value of NDj should be the same in both the pilot- and large-scale vessels. 

Cova (Cl 1) has examined the vertical distribution of catalyst concentration as a function of gas and liquid flow rates for systems with finite net liquid flow. A theoretical model is presented which predicts the catalyst profile as a function of physical properties and operating conditions, and which adequately represents observations for both laboratory and pilot-scale operations. 

Only limited data are available on full- or pilot-scale operations, and the results from these may present an oversimplified view. In general reduction to amines is the initial—and sometimes the only—transformation. 

Tausend Kandlejur eine Reaktion, Chemische Rundschau, February 2003 Industrial and institutional expert opinions general advantages of micro flow safety work of institutes particle precipitation pilot-scale operation challenges process control plugging miniature sensing and controlling emulsification market situation [204]. 

As a further advantage, large flows are provided by these devices, even when operating with a single device. Pilot-scale operation, with one or a few micro devices, is easily feasible. Especially in the case of foam formation, parallel operation of many devices having the same flow pattern seems to be possible. 

A third factor affecting the quantity to be processed is the scale of the processing operation. A laboratory-scale operation will typically require less sample than a pilot-scale operation and much less than a commercial scale operation. Throughout the process, each unit operation must be supplied sufficient material to operate the process adequately while providing representative samples from the process. 

A zero-gap electrolyser is currently under trial. In pilot-scale operation, it has demonstrated a cell voltage of 3.0-3.1 V at a current density of 6 kA m-2. The results indicate that completion of zero-gap technology will bring a further reduction in unit power consumption of 100 kWh per tonne of NaOH. 

Most of the cost data for vitrification technologies are estimates based on pilot-scale operations. Such data are suspect because they are based more on extrapolation than on experience. Such estimates are difficult to compare because the assumptions on which they are based may vary widely (D18248T, p. 55). 

Based on the pilot-scale operation at the Britannia Mine, the vendor estimated the full-scale capital costs to be 2.5 million. Zinc and copper sulfates in the processed waste may be sold to smelters. The sale of these metals was estimated to produce a potential net operating profit for the plant of 130,000 per year (D16056F, p. 38). 

Results of pilot-scale operation indicated acceptable removal efficiencies and cost-effective performance, compared to granular activated carbon (GAC) or thermal destruction processes. Near zero ambient discharge is possible. 

The purpose of demonstrating the pilot-scale operations of this filtration equipment was to provide definitive answers to the following design criteria that all would impact the final design ... 

Recommendation 3-la. The Army should develop criteria and a schedule for resolving design and operational issues raised in the 1998 report, Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Treat Hydrolysate from VX Neutralization, that have not yet been resolved for supercritical water oxidation operation at Newport. These issues include materials of construction, fabrication methods, system plugging, pressure let-down, and the duration of successful continuous pilot-scale operations. 

It must be emphasized that to proceed from the raw evaluation data to full-scale production is not the preferred step. Further evaluation of the processability of the feedstock is usually necessary through the use of a pilot-scale operation. To take the evaluation of a feedstock one step further, it may then be possible to correlate the data obtained from the actual plant operations (as well as the pilot plant data) with one or more of the physical properties determined as part of the initial feedstock evaluation. 

Although considerable studies on the use of centrifugal fields in chemical processing have been reported for lab- and pilot-scale operations, little information is public on scale-up criteria for either performance parameters or equipment design. Three examples of commercial use of centrifugal fields are available for review. These include liquid-liquid extraction, water deaeration, and reactive stripping for hypochlorous acid production. 

Versatile ceramic resistant to acids, alkalis, molten metals, molten salts, oxidizing and reducing gases at high temperatures widely used in high-temperature laboratory and pilot-scale operations Generally used in conjunction with CaO, MgO or Y2O3 as stabilizers ... 

These results are consistent with a scaleup from the pilot-scale operation. Although power per volume is reduced and impeller to tank diameter ratio is increased, torque per volume is about half and tip speed is the same. With any realistic scaleup, some factors unavoidably must change, while the important ones are held constant. In a different situation and process, a different variable, such as power per volume, might be held constant. Other variables, such as blend time, could be calculated, at each step in the scaleup. 

Shah and Paraskos47 applied their analysis to evaluate the importance of axial dispersion on pilot scale (a) residue hydrodesulfurization, (b) gas-oil hydrocracking, and (c) shale-oil denitrogenation reactor performances. The calculations indicated that the axial dispersion effect is less important in case (c) than in cases (a) and (b). Under certain pilot-scale operations, axial dispersion effects could be significant in cases (a) and (b). 

In a typical example [20] 6.4 m of 0.2 pm membranes are used in a pilot scale operation, yielding average fluxes between 100 and 1251/m h in a installation working at 55°C. The concentration factor for the membrane installation varies between 6 and 12. Due to the extreme fouling nature of the feed, periodic cleaning is compulsory, but can be restricted to once a week. The system has been in operation since August 1992. The pay-back time is less than 3 years. 

These issues were experienced in pilot scale operation and would be expected to be acute on scale-up to production. 

The purpose of this chapter is twofold (1) to provide a description of what SCWO is and can do, including its scientihc basis and current commercial worldwide status and (2) to allow one to determine if SCWO can be effective for a particular waste stream of interest, and if so, to present what needs to be considered in determining the ophmum system conhguration. Toward this end, information is provided on how and why the SCWO process works, typical system conhgurations and variations, development history, current full-scale and major pilot-scale operating plants, key results from several decades of research, feed characteristics, salt behavior and control techniques, corrosion control options, typical effluent characteristics, permitting record and history, and available cost data. 

G. T. Hong, Hydrothermal Oxidation Pilot Scale Operating Experiences, presented at the 56th Annual Water Conference, Engineers Society of Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, October, 1995. 

The design of practical TSA and PSA processes often require bench or pilot scale operational data because of the lack of quantitative methods for estimation of multicomponent... 

There are several major topics to consider in scaling up laboratory processes to the industrial level. In general, scale-up is accomplished for a discrete system through laboratory and pilot scale operations. The steps involved can be broken down into seven topics that require some elaboration ... 

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