Waste elements from

There are numerous misconceptions about the sources of various chemical elements in waste, particularly those that are potential acid formers when the waste is incinerated or mechanically converted and used as a refuse-derived fuel. For example, it is often mistakenly stated that the source of chlorine in waste, hence a potential source of HCl emissions, is poly(vinyl chloride). The relative contents of selected, potentially acid-forming elements in the organic portion of a sample of waste collected from various households in one U.S. East Coast city is given in Table 2 (17). In this city, a chief source of chlorine in the waste is NaCl, probably from food waste. 

Disposal The final func tional element in the sohd-waste-management system is disposal. Disposal is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are wastes collected and transported direc tly to a landfQl site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from industrial treatment plants and air-pollution-control devices, incinerator residue, compost, or other substances from various solid-waste processing plants that are of no further use. 

Extraction of Actinide Elements from Wastes. Report A/Conf. 15/P/1458. Proceedings, 2nd Internat. Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva 1958, Vol. 17, S. 2l6ff. 

Hydrogeochemical processes governing the origin, transport, and fate of major and trace elements from mine wastes and mineralized rock... 

The stractural and elemental analyses (contents of C, H and O) of biomass samples are given in Table 6.2. Table 6.3 shows the yields of products from three biomass samples by pyrolysis at different temperatures. As seen in Table 6.3, the pyrolysis process yields gaseous products, tarty hquid, and tar. In general, the yields of gaseous products from each run increase with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The yields of gaseous products from the pyrolysis increase from 34.4 to 43.9% for hazelnut shell, from 35.1 to 47.4% for tea waste and from 32.1 to 40.7% for spruce wood with increasing of temperature from 700 to 950 K. 

Sd. Techn. 36 3096-3103 Appleton, A.R. Papelis, C. Ledde, J.O. (1989) Adsorptive removal of trace elements from coal fly-ash wastewaters onto iron oxyhydrox-ide. Proc. 43" Purdue Industrial Waste Conf. 

The vendor claims that this technology will have four basic applications (1) on-site stabilization of high-level liquid radioactive waste (2) development of cheaper thermal and electrical energy sources (3) creation of scarce elements from more plentiful elements and (4) design and fabrication of table-top particle accelerators. 

Smith, K. L., Hart, K. P., Lumpkin, G. R., McGi.inn, P., Lam, P. Blackford, M. G. 1991. A description of the kinetics and mechanisms which control the release of HLW elements from synroc. In Abrajano, T., Jr. Johnson, L. H. (eds) Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XIV. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 212, 167-174. 

Hassett, D. J. Hassett, D. F. 1988. Fixation of leachable elements in composite waste forms from North Dakota lignite coal conversion ash. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 113, 333-340. 

Vander Sloot, H. A. Nieuwendijk, B. J. T. 1985. Release of trace elements from surface-enriched fly ash in seawater. Wastes Ocean, 4, 449-465. 

Meima, J. A. Comans, R. N. J. 1999. The leaching of trace elements from municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash at different stages of weathering. Applied Geochemistry, 14, 159-171. 

VAN DER SLOOT, H. A., WlJKSTRA, J., VAN DAL, A., Das, H. A., Slanna, J., Dekkers, J. J. Wals, J. D. 1982. Leaching of Trace Elements from Coal Solid Waste. ECN-120. Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten. 

Solid State Reaction - Hexaaluminates have been long known as interesting materials for many applications (electrical ceramics, matrices for permanent immobilization of radioactive elements from nuclear wastes and refractory cement and concrete). For many years ceramists prepared hexaaluminates via solid state reaction for both crystallographic and application purposes.6... 

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