Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy, ICP-OES

The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) has become the most popular source for multielement analysis via optical spectroscopy since the introduction of the first commercial instruments in 1974. About 6000 ICP-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) instruments are in operation throughout the world. 

Approximately 70 different elements are routinely determined using ICP-OES. Detection limits are typically in the sub-part-per-billion (sub-ppb) to 0.1 part-per-million (ppm) range. ICP-OES is most commonly used for bulk analysis of liquid samples or solids dissolved in liquids. Special sample introduction techniques, such as spark discharge or laser ablation, allow the analysis of surfaces or thin films. Each element emits a characteristic spectrum in the ultraviolet and visible region. The light intensity at one of the characteristic wavelengths is proportional to the concentration of that element in the sample. 

The strengths of ICP-OES are its speed, wide linear dynamic range, low detection limits, and relatively small interference effects. Automated instruments with 

ICP-OES is a destructive technique that provides only elemental composition. However, ICP-OES is relatively insensitive to sample matrix interference effects. Interference effects in ICP-OES are generally less severe than in GFAA, FAA, or ICPMS. Matrix effects are less severe when using the combination of laser ablation and ICP-OES than when a laser microprobe is used for both ablation and excitation. 

Instrumentation for inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. 

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Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)... 

In Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a gaseous, solid (as fine particles), or liquid (as an aerosol) sample is directed into the center of a gaseous plasma. The sample is vaporized, atomized, and partially ionized in the plasma. Atoms and ions are excited and emit light at characteristic wavelengths in the ultraviolet or visible region of the spectrum. The emission line intensities are proportional to the concentration of each element in the sample. A grating spectrometer is used for either simultaneous or sequential multielement analysis. The concentration of each element is determined from measured intensities via calibration with standards. 

The silicon content of 1 was determined by inductive-coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) of sodium tetraborate melt samples. It approximated lmmol/g resin. Results shown in Tables 13.1 and 13.2 were obtained using a resin containing 1.3 mmol Si per gram of 1, and results shown in Table 13.3 were obtained using a resin containg 0.9 mmol Si per gram of 1. 

International Standard Organization. 2007. Water quality. Determination of selected elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). ISO 11885. International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20 Switzerland. 

Multielement analysis will become more important in industrial hygiene analysis as the number of elements per sample and the numbers of samples increases. Additional requirements that will push development of atomic absorption techniques and may encourage the use of new techniques are lower detction and sample speciation. Sample speciation will probably require the use of a chromatographic technique coupled to the spectroscopic instrumentation as an elemental detector. This type of instrumental marriage will not be seen in routine analysis. The use of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) (17), Zeeman-effect atomic absorption spectroscopy (ZAA) (18), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (19) will increase in industrial hygiene laboratories because they each offer advantages or detection that AAS does not. 

Platinum and tungsten contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) at Galbraith Laboratories. 

The surface area of the catalysts was measured by conventional BET methods (nitrogen physisorption at -196°C using a Quanta Chrome-NOVA 1000 instrument). The actual metal loading was measured by inductively-coupled plasma / optical emission spectroscopy (ICP/OES). The acidity and basicity of the synthesized catalysts were measured by NHj and COj thermoprogrammed desorption, respectively, using an AMI-100 (Zeton-Altamira, Pittsburgh, PA) characterization system. The catalyst samples were reduced in 10% H /Ar at 450°C for 8 hours, followed by treatment in 10% NH,/He or 10% COj/He at 35°C and then by desorption up to 400°C with a heating rate of 10°C/min. 

Metal ions were detected using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Optima 8000 Perkin Elmer). The argon and air flow rate was adjusted to 12 lit/min and 1.2 lit/min, respectively. Two ICP standard solutions were used to do the calibration curves. 

The supported version of the catalyst was obtained via ROMP using the molybdenum-based Schrock catalyst. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis of the polymer revealed a palladium to bis (pyrimidine) ratio of 2 1. The authors speculated that this could be explained by coordination of palladium by alternate and repetitive bis (pyrimidine) units of the polymer chains. 

During the last decades methods such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS), and Resonance Ionization Mass spectrometry (RIMS) have decreased the need for selective radiochemical procedures. Many long-lived radionuclides today have lower detection limits if using, e.g., ICP-MS than if performing radiometric measurements with reasonable measuring times. At present, the half-life limit is a few hundred years, i.e., nuclides with longer half-hfe (e.g., Tc, Np, or Pu) should preferably be measured by ICP-MS and more short-... 

The analytical performance of ICP-MS is compared with other analytical techniques for the determination of trace metal oxide particulates after the simulated detonation of an RDD [10]. Table 20.9 shows a comparison of the instrumental parameters used in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and an ICP-MS instrument. These two techniques were used to analyze Sr, Ti, and Ce in ceramic oxides that may be used in RDDs. ICP-MS provided lower detection limits for the metals than ICP-OES. Overall method performance was comparable with ICP-OES and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), another well-established nuclear and radiological analytical technique. 

Ayyalasomayajula et employed LIBS for the analysis of slurry samples. Three calibration models were developed using univariate calibration, multiple linear regression (MLR) and PLS. The LIBS analytical results obtained from the PLS model best fit the results obtained from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis. 

The amount of deposited yttrium vs applied current densities was determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Concentration profiles were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) on the coated samples before and after heat treatment, using a 10 keV primary ion source. The yttrium depth profiles were established with signals. The chemical state of the as-deposited and the thermally treated film was also investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using an Mg Ka X-ray source, without sputtering the surface. 

After exposure, the surface scales formed were analysed by optical microscopy (OM - Axiplan 2 Zeiss) and scaiming electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX - Leo 440/Oxford Inca), as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD - Siemens D5000). The bulk chemical compositions of the alloys were analysed by inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES - ARE 34000). 

In inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis, the sample is heated in an argon-plasma activated by a high-voltage field. Thereby, atoms are ionized. Using an electric field, the generated ions are accelerated to the analyser of the mass spectrometer, where they are separated according to the mass of the specific isotopes. In inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), also referred to as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the sample is atomized in argon plasma and the excitation of an optical emission of cadmium is measured. 

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