Atomic spectroscopy inductively coupled plasma

See also Atomic Spectroscopy, Historical Perspective Environmental and Agricultural Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Methods Quantitative Analysis X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Applications. 

Emission, Methods and Instrumentation Atomic Fluorescence, Methods and Instrumentation Fluorescence and Emission Spectroscopy, Theory Geology and Mineralogy, Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Methods Proton Microprobe (Method and Background) X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy, Applications X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy, Methods X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers X-Ray Spectroscopy, Theory. 

An introductory manual that explains the basic concepts of chemistry behind scientific analytical techniques and that reviews their application to archaeology. It explains key terminology, outlines the procedures to be followed in order to produce good data, and describes the function of the basic instrumentation required to carry out those procedures. The manual contains chapters on the basic chemistry and physics necessary to understand the techniques used in analytical chemistry, with more detailed chapters on atomic absorption, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, electron microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Each chapter describes the operation of the instruments, some hints on the practicalities, and a review of the application of the technique to archaeology, including some case studies. With guides to further reading on the topic, it is an essential tool for practitioners, researchers, and advanced students alike. 

Graphite furnace AAS Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy Inductively-coupled-plasma optical-emission spectroscopy Glow-discharge optical-emission spectroscopy Laser-excited resonance ionization spectroscopy Laser-excited atomic-fluorescence spectroscopy Laser-induced-breakdown spectroscopy Laser-induced photocoustic spectroscopy Resonance-ionization spectroscopy... 

Keywords Trace elements Radionuclides Environment Water Soil Aerosol Plant Neutron activation analysis Atomic absorption spectrometry Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry X-ray fluorescence Electrochemical methods Speciation... 

Bulk chemical analysis X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy Atomic absorption spectroscopy Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy Direct-current plasma emission spectroscopy Arc emission spectroscopy Gravimetry Combustion Kjeldahl Impurities... 

The chemical composition of the natural beryl sample used in this study was analyzed by X-ray wavelength dispersive spectroscopy for major atomic contents, inductivity coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy for Be content, and atomic absorption sp>ectroscopy for Li and Rb contents (Table 1). The type I/II H2O contents were determined from intensities of IR bands due to the asymmetric stretching of type I and the symmetric stretching of type II in a polarized IR spectrum at RT (See the spectrum in the next section), using their molar absorption coefficients of 206 L moH cm-i and 256 L moH cm-i. 

Luminescence molecular detectors have also been used for online monitoring of dissolution tests and the characterization of toxic residues using bioluminescence assays. Atomic (atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)) detectors have been coupled to robotic stations either through a continuous system acting as interface or by direct aspiration into an instrument from a sample vial following treatment by the robot. Mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detectors... 

We consider the determination of the concentration of elements in various materials studied in agricultural and environmental applications, by the use of the following methods atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) using a flame (FAAS) or a graphite furnace (GFAAS) as an atom cell inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The analytical characteristics of the methods as normally practised are compared with the requirements of fitness for purpose in the examination of soils and sediments, waters, dusts and air particulates, and animal and plant tissue. However, there are numerous specialized techniques that cannot be included here. 

Houk, R. S. (2000). Atomic emission spectroscopy—Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and the European discovery of America./. Chem. Educ. 77(5), 598. 

The section on Spectroscopy has been retained but with some revisions and expansion. The section includes ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray spectrometry. Detection limits are listed for the elements when using flame emission, flame atomic absorption, electrothermal atomic absorption, argon induction coupled plasma, and flame atomic fluorescence. Nuclear magnetic resonance embraces tables for the nuclear properties of the elements, proton chemical shifts and coupling constants, and similar material for carbon-13, boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, silicon-19, and phosphoms-31. 

Because light emitted from inductively coupled plasma torches is characteristic of the elements present, the torches were originally introduced for instruments that optically measured the frequencies and intensities of the emitted light and used them, rather than ions, to estimate the amounts and types of elements present (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. 

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

ICP/AES. inductively coupled plasma and atomic-emission spectroscopy used as a combined technique... 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy... 

For inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) the sample is normally in solution but may be a fine particulate solid or even a gas. If it is a solution, this is nebulized, resulting in a fine spray or aerosol, in flowing argon gas. The aerosol is introduced into a plasma torch, illustrated in Figure 3.21. 

Figure 3.21 A plasma torch for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy...

A wider range of elements is covered by ICT-AES than by atomic absorption spectroscopy. All elements, except argon, can be determined with an inductively coupled plasma, but there are some difficulties associated with He, Ne, Kr, Xe, F, Cl, Br, O and N. 

Oxygen and nitrogen also are deterrnined by conductivity or chromatographic techniques following a hot vacuum extraction or inert-gas fusion of hafnium with a noble metal (25,26). Nitrogen also may be deterrnined by the Kjeldahl technique (19). Phosphoms is determined by phosphine evolution and flame-emission detection. Chloride is determined indirecdy by atomic absorption or x-ray spectroscopy, or at higher levels by a selective-ion electrode. Fluoride can be determined similarly (27,28). Uranium and U-235 have been determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (29). 

Small concentrations of iron can also be deterrnined by flame atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopies (see... 

Rubidium metal is commeicially available in essentially two grades, 99 + % and 99.9 + %. The main impurities ate other alkali metals. Rubidium compounds are available in a variety of grades from 99% to 99.99 + %. Manufacturers and suppliers of mbidium metal and mbidium compounds usually supply a complete certificate of analysis upon request. Analyses of metal impurities in mbidium compounds are determined by atomic absorption or inductive coupled plasma spectroscopy (icp). Other metallic impurities, such as sodium and potassium, are determined by atomic absorption or emission spectrograph. For analysis, mbidium metal is converted to a compound such as mbidium chloride. 

Numerous methods have been pubUshed for the determination of trace amounts of tellurium (33—42). Instmmental analytical methods (qv) used to determine trace amounts of tellurium include atomic absorption spectrometry, flame, graphite furnace, and hydride generation inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry neutron activation analysis and spectrophotometry (see Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy, optical). Other instmmental methods include polarography, potentiometry, emission spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray fluorescence. 

In Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a gaseous, solid (as fine particles), or liquid (as an aerosol) sample is directed into the center of a gaseous plasma. The sample is vaporized, atomized, and partially ionized in the plasma. Atoms and ions are excited and emit light at characteristic wavelengths in the ultraviolet or visible region of the spectrum. The emission line intensities are proportional to the concentration of each element in the sample. A grating spectrometer is used for either simultaneous or sequential multielement analysis. The concentration of each element is determined from measured intensities via calibration with standards. 

R. K. Winge, V A. Fassel, V. J. Peterson, and M. A. Floyd. Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy An Atlas of Spectral Information. Elsevier, Amsrerdam, 1985. ICP-OES specrral scans near emission lines usefol for analysis. 

Inductively coupled plasma with atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES)... 

Catalyst characterization - Characterization of mixed metal oxides was performed by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma atomisation (ICP-AES) on a CE Instraments Sorptomatic 1990. NH3-TPD was nsed for the characterization of acid site distribntion. SZ (0.3 g) was heated up to 600°C using He (30 ml min ) to remove adsorbed components. Then, the sample was cooled at room temperatnre and satnrated for 2 h with 100 ml min of 8200 ppm NH3 in He as carrier gas. Snbseqnently, the system was flashed with He at a flowrate of 30 ml min for 2 h. The temperatnre was ramped np to 600°C at a rate of 10°C min. A TCD was used to measure the NH3 desorption profile. Textural properties were established from the N2 adsorption isotherm. Snrface area was calcnlated nsing the BET equation and the pore size was calcnlated nsing the BJH method. The resnlts given in Table 33.4 are in good agreement with varions literature data. 

A. Montaser and D.W. Golightly, Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, VCH, New York, NY (1992). 

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