ICP-optical emission spectroscopy

Inorganic pigments and lakes (organic dyes bonded to an inorganic support) can be recognized by the ratio of elements in their composition, making elemental analysis an important tool in their identification. EDS may facilitate an initial qualitative analysis, but quantitative analysis and the detection of trace elements are needed to identify the inorganic colorant components. Due to sample size restrictions, the methods that can be employed are limited. The techniques of inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ICP-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and laser ablation ICP-MS are described in the literature (56). 

International Organization for Standardization ISO 10540-3, Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils - Determination of Phosphorus Content - Part 3 Method Using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Optical Emission Spectroscopy (2002)... 

The cerium and titanium oxide contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer Optima 3300DV) of dissolution of the ground catalysts in acid solutions. The composition of the powder samples and monolithic supports are shown in Tables la) and 2 respectively. 

In general, detection limits with the KiP source are contparable to or better thait other atomic spectral procedures. Table lO-.f compares detection limits for Several of these methods. Note that more elements can be detected at levels of 10 ppb or less with plasma excitation than with other emission or absttrplion melhods. As we shall see in Chapter 11, the ICP coupled with mass spectrontetrie detection improves detection limits by two to live orders of magnitude for many elements and is thus strong competition for ICP optical emission spectroscopy. 

Figure 11-17 compares detection limits for iCPMS with those for ICP optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and those for electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETA AS) for selected elements. These data arc typical for most other elements in the periodic table. Generally, detection limits with mass spectromeiric detection range from 0.02 to 0.7 ppb wilh the majority of elements in the range of 0.02 to 0.1 ppb. 

A comparison of flow injection sample introduction in the determination of Se (As, Sb) by hydride generation AAS and ICP optical emission spectroscopy has been carried out [102], while the isotopic determination of Se in biological materials using ICP-MS has been reported [103]. 

Soluble Cr(VI), Fe(II), and U(VI) were monitored spectrophotometrically, Cr at 540 nm using the s-diphenyl carbazide method (Bartlett James, 1979), Fe(II) at 562 nm using the ferrozine assay (Stookey, 1970), and U at 575 nm using 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (Johnson Florence, 1971). Total dissolved Cr, U, and Fe were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectroscopy. 

Cu 2,000 Hepatic cirrhosis, renal, neurological, gastrointestinal problems Electrical wiring, pipes, fungicides, algicides, insecticides, fertilizers 0.02-0.1 pg/1 by ICP-MS 0.3 pg/1 by ICP-optical emission spectroscopy 0.5 pg/1 by flame AAS... 

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)... 

In Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a gaseous, solid (as fine particles), or liquid (as an aerosol) sample is directed into the center of a gaseous plasma. The sample is vaporized, atomized, and partially ionized in the plasma. Atoms and ions are excited and emit light at characteristic wavelengths in the ultraviolet or visible region of the spectrum. The emission line intensities are proportional to the concentration of each element in the sample. A grating spectrometer is used for either simultaneous or sequential multielement analysis. The concentration of each element is determined from measured intensities via calibration with standards. 

The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) has become the most popular source for multielement analysis via optical spectroscopy since the introduction of the first commercial instruments in 1974. About 6000 ICP-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) instruments are in operation throughout the world. 

The silicon content of 1 was determined by inductive-coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) of sodium tetraborate melt samples. It approximated lmmol/g resin. Results shown in Tables 13.1 and 13.2 were obtained using a resin containing 1.3 mmol Si per gram of 1, and results shown in Table 13.3 were obtained using a resin containg 0.9 mmol Si per gram of 1. 

ICP-OES inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy IPA isopropyl alcohol... 

Gunn et al. [44] described the apphcation of a graphite-filament electrothermal vaporization apparatus as a sample introduction system for optical emission spectroscopy with an inductively coupled argon plasma source. Good detection levels were reported for the elements, and details of the interfacing requirements between the ICP and the graphite filament were explored. 

Major and trace element concentrations in the acidified samples were determined via ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) at the GSC s Geochemistry Research Laboratory. Dissolved anion concentrations were measured by 1C (ion chromatography) on the unacidified samples, also at the GSC s Geochemistry Research Laboratory. Characterization of the sediment mineralogy and texture by XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) is ongoing. 

An easy calibration strategy is possible in ICP-MS (in analogy to optical emission spectroscopy with an inductively coupled plasma source, ICP-OES) because aqueous standard solutions with well known analyte concentrations can be measured in a short time with good precision. Normally, internal standardization is applied in this calibration procedure, where an internal standard element of the same concentration is added to the standard solutions, the samples and the blank solution. The analytical procedure can then be optimized using the internal standard element. The internal standard element is commonly applied in ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS to account for plasma instabilities, changes in sample transport, short and long term drifts of separation fields of the mass analyzer and other aspects which would lead to errors during mass spectrometric measurements. 

The most frequently applied analytical methods used for characterizing bulk and layered systems (wafers and layers for microelectronics see the example in the schematic on the right-hand side) are summarized in Figure 9.4. Besides mass spectrometric techniques there are a multitude of alternative powerful analytical techniques for characterizing such multi-layered systems. The analytical methods used for determining trace and ultratrace elements in, for example, high purity materials for microelectronic applications include AAS (atomic absorption spectrometry), XRF (X-ray fluorescence analysis), ICP-OES (optical emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma), NAA (neutron activation analysis) and others. For the characterization of layered systems or for the determination of surface contamination, XPS (X-ray photon electron spectroscopy), SEM-EDX (secondary electron microscopy combined with energy disperse X-ray analysis) and... 

Since the mid-1960s, a variety of analytical chemistry techniques have been used to characterize obsidian sources and artifacts for provenance research (4, 32-36). The most common of these methods include optical emission spectroscopy (OES), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), particle-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and neutron activation analysis (NAA). When selecting a method of analysis for obsidian, one must consider accuracy, precision, cost, promptness of results, existence of comparative data, and availability. Most of the above-mentioned techniques are capable of determining a number of elements, but some of the methods are more labor-intensive, more destructive, and less precise than others. The two methods with the longest and most successful histoty of success for obsidian provenance research are XRF and NAA. 

Iberian Peninsula, production centers, majolica pottery found on Canary Islands, 384, 385-398 Icelandic Norse-trading site, sulfur materials, simultaneous co-incident x-ray micro-fluorescence and microdiffraction analyses, 204-205 ICP-MS. See Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry ICP-OES. See Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. 

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