In soil and plants

Plutonium (Pu) is an artificial element of atomic number 94 that has its main radioactive isotopes at 2 °Pu and Pu. The major sources of this element arise from the manufacture and detonation of nuclear weapons and from nuclear reactors. The fallout from detonations and discharges of nuclear waste are the major sources of plutonium contamination of the environment, where it is trapped in soils and plant or animal life. Since the contamination levels are generally very low, a sensitive technique is needed to estimate its concentration. However, not only the total amount can be estimated. Measurement of the isotope ratio provides information about its likely... 

Upper LEVEL 1 Chronic toxicity Toxicity in soil and plants Additional mutagenicity Long-term toxicity Bioaccumulation Inherent biodegradability Additional abiotic degradability 100 t/annum or 500 t cumulative... 

Ayers RS, Branson RL (1978) In Reisenauer HM (ed) Quality for irrigation water. In soil and plant-tissue testing in California. Bulletin No. 1879, Division of Agricutural Sciences, University of California... 

Analysis of methyl parathion in sediments, soils, foods, and plant and animal tissues poses problems with extraction from the sample matrix, cleanup of samples, and selective detection. Sediments and soils have been analyzed primarily by GC/ECD or GC/FPD. Food, plant, and animal tissues have been analyzed primarily by GC/thermionic detector or GC/FPD, the recommended methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Various extraction and cleanup methods (AOAC 1984 Belisle and Swineford 1988 Capriel et al. 1986 Kadoum 1968) and separation and detection techniques (Alak and Vo-Dinh 1987 Betowski and Jones 1988 Clark et al. 1985 Gillespie and Walters 1986 Koen and Huber 1970 Stan 1989 Stan and Mrowetz 1983 Udaya and Nanda 1981) have been used in an attempt to simplify sample preparation and improve sensitivity, reliability, and selectivity. A detection limit in the low-ppb range and recoveries of 100% were achieved in soil and plant and animal tissue by Kadoum (1968). GC/ECD analysis following extraction, cleanup, and partitioning with a hexane-acetonitrile system was used. 

El Zorgani GA, Omer IS, Abdullah AM. 1986. Bound residues of endosulfan and carbofuran in soil and plant material. Proceedings of the Final Research Co-ordination Meeting on Isotopic Tracer-aided Studies of Unextractable or Bound Pesticide Residues in Soil, Plants, and Food. Vienna, Austria International Atomic Energy Agency, 51-56. 

TAetection of the highly potent impurity, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), necessitated an environmental assessment of the impact of this contaminate. Information was rapidly needed on movement, persistence, and plant uptake to determine whether low concentrations reaching plants, soils, and water posed any threat to man and his environment. Because of the extreme toxicity of TCDD, utmost precautions were taken to reduce or minimize the risk of exposure to laboratory personnel. Synthesis of uniformly labeled C-TCDD by Muelder and Shadoff (I) greatly facilitated TCDD detection in soil and plant experiments. For unlabeled experiments it seemed wise to use only small quantities of diluted solutions in situations where decontamination was feasible and to rely on the sensitivity afforded by electron capture gas chromatography... 

K. Kanazawa, T. Ohata, G. Miha,shi, S. Fushiya, N. Nishizawa, M. Chino, and S. Mori, Inductions of two enzyme activities involved in biosynthesis of mugineic acid in Fe deficient barley roots. Iron Nutrition in Soils and Plants (J. Abadia ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1995, p. 37. 

H. Marschner, Mechanisms of mangane.se acquisition by roots from. soils. Manganese in Soils and Plants (R. Graham, R. J, Hannam, and N. C. Uren eds.), Kluwer Academic Publi.shers, Norwell, Massachusetts. 1988, p. 191. 

Silica gel solid-phase-exAaction (SPE) cartridge, l-g/6-cm (J.T. Baker, 7086-07) Other items as in Soil and Plant material lists... 

EPA. 1976. Americium - Its behavior in soil and plant systems. Las Vegas, NV Office of Research and Development, U S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA600/3-76-005. PB250797. 

Kabata-Pendias A., Pendias H. Trace elements in soils and plants. Boca Raton, FL Lewis Publishers, 1992. 

Kochian L.V. Zinc absorption from hydroponic solutions by plants roots. In Zinc in Soils and Plants, A.D. Robson, ed. Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993. 

McBride M.B. Forms and distribution of copper in solid and solution phases of soils. In Copper in Soils and Plants, J.F. Loneragan, A.D. Robson, R.D. Graham, eds. Sydney Academic Press, 1981. 

McGrath S.P. Adverse effects of cadmium on soil microflora and fauna. In Cadmium in Soils and Plant, McLaughlin M.J., Singh B.R., eds. Netherlands Kluwer Academic, 1999. 

Mortvedt J.J., Cadmium levels in soils and plants from some long-term soil fertility experiments in the United States of America. J Environ Qual 1987 16 137-142. 

Barman, S.C. and S.K. Bhargava. 1997. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plants in industrially polluted fields. Pages 289-314 in P.N. Cheremisinoff (ed.). Ecological Issues and Environmental Impact Assessment. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. 

Jones, R. and M.S.E. Burgess. 1984. Zinc and cadmium in soils and plants near electrical transmission (hydro) towers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 731-734. 

Fuhremann, T.W. and E.P. Lichtenstein. 1980. A comparative study of the persistence, movement, and metabolism of six carbon-14 insecticides in soils and plants. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 28 446 452. 

Introduction and setting The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify the sources of heavy metals, especially lead, in soils and plants of the Lower Guadiana River basin and thereby model the potential mobility of lead. Other than direct pollution from mining, the main sources of heavy metal pollution in the environment are by diffuse pollution (Callender, 2004). In agricultural areas this can include lead from the use of pesticides, fertilizers and municipal sludge (Alloway, 1985). Metals can be attached or associated with different mineral phases in the soil, this along with environmental parameters determinesthe availability to plants. 

Callender, E. 2004. Heavy metals in the environment- Historical trends. Environmental Geochemistry, Elsevier. Kabata-Pendias, A. Pendias, H. 1985. Trace elements in soils and plants, 3rd edition, CRC Press, Inc. 

Comparing all the groups (Tukey test) by pairs it was concluded that Brancanes, Lombador and Monte dos Mestres are comparable for Cu and Zn in soils and Fe in leaves of the rock rose plants. None of these groups is comparable with Neves Corvo in what Cu, Zn and Fe is concerned, both in soils and plants. This is due to the present mine exploitation of these metals and the dispersion of newly exploited materials in the surrounding area. 

In all the studied areas the concentrations of Mn, Al, K and Mg are statistically comparable among the areas. This indicates that these chemical elements, both in soils and plants, are independent from the mine exploitation. 

Sangster AG, Hodson MJ. Botanical studies of silicon localization in cereal roots and shoots, including cryotechniques a survey ofworkup to 1990, in TheState-of-the-Art ofPhytoliths in Soils and Plants (Pinilla A, Juan-Tresserras J, Machado MJ, eds.), Monografia 4 del Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CISC, Madrid, 1997, pp. 113-121. 

F excess Baltic Sea States, Belarus, Moldova, Central Yakutia, Kazakstan Excessive content of F in natural waters, > 1.0-1.5 ppm. Low content of F in soil and plants Tooth enamel dystrophy. Fluorosis and spotted teeth of human and animals... 

Mn deficit Biogeochemical provinces in different regions of biosphere Lowering content of Mn in soils and plant species Reducing Mn content in bones. Decreasing activity of phosphatase, phosphorilase, and isocitric dehydrogenase... 

Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H. (1984). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. Boca Raton, TL. CRC Press. 

Priputina I., Mikhailov A., Abramychev A. (2004a) Output fluxes of lead in forest ecosystems some approaches to calculating and mapping. G.Jozefaciuk (Ed.) Physics, Chemistry and Biogeochemistry in Soil and Plant Studies. Drukania ALF-GRAF. Lublin, pp. 116-119. 

The presence of free anilines or other metabolites in soils and plants has been reported [123, 139-143]. Some work has suggested that they are very strongly bound to soil components and the findings of Caverly and Denney [138] are in agreement with these conclusions. The presence in soils of metabolites of Linuron that possess the urea structure have been reported [123, 142] these are produced mainly by microbiological degradation. The dimethyl derivative is considered to be inactive whereas the monomethyl metabolite has phytotoxicity approaching that of the parent herbicide [142], It is probable that the procedure reported by... 

Carbon in soil and plant materials can be determined by wet- and dry-combustion methods [7, 8]. In both instances, soil and plant carbon is converted into carbon dioxide, absorbed in alkali and determined either by titration against a standard acid or by weighing. These methods involve large apparatus, are expensive and time consuming, and therefore cannot be adapted to the routine analysis of a large number of samples. 

In one of the few studies of curium in soils and plants Thomas and Jacobs (43) came to the conclusion that radiocolloid particles must be formed they were of the opinion that ion exchange was unimportant in the soil chemistry of curium. 

Soil/Plant. Hydrolyzes in soil and plants to nontoxic products. The half-life in soil varies from 7 d to 1 month (Hartley and Kidd, 1987). 

Soil/Plant In soils and plants, monuron is demethylated at the terminal nitrogen atom coupled with ring hydroxylation forming 3-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorophenyl)urea and 3-(3-hydroxy-4-chloro-phenyl)urea (Hartley and Kidd, 1987). Wallnbefer et al. (1973) reported that the soil microorganism Rhizopus Japonicus degraded monuron into 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-l-methylurea. However, in the presence of Pseudomonas or Arthrobacter sp., monuron degraded to 2,4-di-chloroaniline, sj/ 3-bis(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, and unidentified metabolites (Janko et al., 1970). The reported half-life in soil is 166 d (Jury et al., 1987). 

Soil/Plant. Degrades in soils and plants forming 1-naphthylamine and phthalic acid (Hartley and Kidd, 1987 Humburg et al., 1989). Residual activity in soil is limited to approximately 3 to 4 months (Hartley and Kidd, 1987). 

In soil and plants, phorate is oxidized to the corresponding sulfone which is then oxidized to the sulfoxide (Fukuto and Metcalf, 1969 Getzin and Shanks, 1970 Metcalf et al., 1957). Both metabolites were identified in spinach 5.5 months after application (Menzer and Dittman, 1968). The half-lives in coastal Bermuda grass and alfalfa were 1.4 (Leuck and Bowman, 1970) and 3.6 days (Dobson et al., 1960), respectively. 

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