International Atomic Energy

Because variations in accurate isotope ratio measurements typically concern only a few parts per 1000 by mass and there are no universal absolute ratios, it is necessary to define some standards. For this purpose, samples of standard substances are produced and made available at two major centers IAEA (International Atomic Energy Authority, U.K.) and NIST (National Institute for Standards and Technology, U.S.). Standards from other sources are also available. These primary standards can be used as such, or alternative standards can be employed if the primary ones are not available. However, any alternative standards need to be related accurately to the primary ones (see formulae below). For example, the material PDB (PeeDee belemnite), used particularly as a standard for the ratio of isotopes, is no longer readily available, and a new standard, VPDB,... 

Standard substances are available from such agencies as the International Atomic Energy Authority (U.K.) and the National Institute for Standards and Technology (U.S.). 

International Atomic Energy Agency, ITER Conceptual Design Report IAEA, Vienna, 1991. 

K. L. Komarek, ed.. Hafnium Physico-Chemical Properties of Its Compounds andEUhys, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vieima, 1981, pp. 11,13,14, 16. Covers tbermocbemical properties, phase diagrams, crystal stmcture, and density data on hafnium, hafnium compounds, and alloys. 

Cranium Resources, Production and Demand,]o m. Report of OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and International Atomic Energy Agency, OECD Pubhcations Service, Paris, 1994, p. 17. 

Formation of Cranium Deposits, Proceedings ofLHEH Symposium, Hthens, Greece, May 6—10, 1974, International Atomic Energy Agency STI/PUB/394, UNIPUB, Inc., New York, pp. 142-145. 

As of 1995, there were no nuclear fuel reprocessing plants operating in the United States. Other nuclear nations have constmcted second- or third-generation reprocessing faciUties. These nations have signed the nuclear nonproliferation treaty, and the faciUties are under the purview of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 

J. R. Merriman, M. J. Stephenson, B. E. Kmak, md D. K. Little, International Symposium on Management of Gaseous Wastesfrom Nuclear Fadlities, IAEA-SM-245 /53, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria, 1980. 

Directory of Nuclear Research Reactors, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 1989. 

The ChemobjlMccidenh International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safety Series No. 75, lNSAG-1, IAEA, Vieima, Austria, 1987. 

A. Danno, in Rjadiation Chemistry and Its Applications, IAEA Technical Report Series No. 84, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vieima, Austria,... 

J. S. Matfice, Environmental Effects of Cooling Systems, Technical Report Series 202, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vieima, 1980, pp. 12—26, 148-167. 

Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Peaceful Cses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Sept. 6—16,1971, United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency, 1972, particulady Vol. 9, Isotope Enrichment, Fuel Cycles and Safeguards. 

S. J. de Mora, Marine Environment Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1", BP 800, MC 98012, Monaco... 

W. E. Spicer. In Survey of Phenomena in Ionized Gases. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1968, p. 271. A review of the early photoemission work on solids by the pioneering group in this area. 

Radiation Safety of Gamma and Electron Irradiation Facilities, Safety Series No. 107, International Atomic Energy Ageney, Vienna, 1992. 

Table 5. Energy requirements of four industrial desalination processes. (Source International Atomic Energy Agency 1992.)...

PSAPACK is free from the International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria, attention of Luis Lederman. IAEA s Internet address is www.iac-i.or.at/. 

Munday, G., and L. Cave. 1975. Evaluation of blast wave damage from very large unconfined vapor cloud explosions. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. 

Phenomene d Oklo, Proceedings of a Symposium on the Oklo Phenomenon, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Proceedings Series, 1975. Natural Fission Reactions, IAEA, Vienna, Panel Proceedings Series STI/PUB/475, 1978, 754 pp. R. West, Natural nuclear reactors. J. Chem. Ed. 53, 336-40 (1976). 

---