Impact analysis

Once the life-cycle inventory has been quantified, we can attempt to characterize and assess the eflfects of the environmental emissions in a life-cycle impact analysis. While the life-cycle inventory can, in principle at least, be readily assessed, the resulting impact is far from straightforward to assess. Environmental impacts are usually not directly comparable. For example, how do we compare the production of a kilogram of heavy metal sludge waste with the production of a ton of contaminated aqueous waste A comparision of two life cycles is required to pick the preferred life cycle. 

EPA regulations provide exemption from BACT and ambient air-impact analysis if the modification that would increase emissions is accompanied by other changes within the plant that would net a zero increase in total emissions. This exemption is referred to as the bubble or no net increase exemption. 

Briggs, G. A., Plume rise predictions, in "Lectures on Air Pollution and Environmental Impact Analysis" (D. A. Haugen, ed.). American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1975. Chapter 3 (59-111). 

A long evolving use of PSA was for Anticipated Transients without Scram (ATWS) which extended over 15 years to culminate in NUREG-0460 which was upset by the Salem failure-to-scram incident and the subsequent SECY Letter 83-28. Other special studies have been (a) value-impact analysis (VIA.) studies of alternative containment concepts (e.g., vented containment, NUREG/CR-0165), (b) auxiliary feedwater studies, (c) analysis of DC power requirements, (d) station blackout (NUREG/CR-3220), and (e) precursors to potential core-damage accident.s (NUREG/CR-2497), to name a few of the NRC sponsored studies. 

VI A - Value Impact Analysis, a form of cost benefit analysis that includes attribute evaluations in addition to dollars. 

FulUvood, R, et al., 1984, Value-Impact Analysis of Selected Safety Modifications to Power Plants, EPRINP-3434, March. 

Morehouse, J. H. et al., 1983, Value-Impact Analysis of Recommendations Concerning Steam Generator Tube Degradations and Rupture Events, SAIC for NRC/NRR Contract NRC-03-82-131, February. 

The Department of Ecology strongly recommended against Superfund status on the grounds that the EPA site evaluation included a population impact based on the number of people who could have been affected in a three-mile radius instead of the population actually affected taking into consideration the directions of ground water movement. Providing the affected residences with a potable water supply by the Company and the impacts of total vs. free cyanide were discussed by EPA but were not used in the impact analysis. 

Seuntjens P, Steurbaut W, Vangronsveld J (2006) Chain model for the impact analysis of contaminants in primary food products. Study report of the Belgian Science Policy... 

The negative aspects of chemical additives appear to be getting more and more attention in the public debate. Results linking chemical additives to adverse environmental and human health impacts are being produced. But more results are needed. More economic valuation studies are needed to support analysis as well as impact analysis on parameters such as human fertility, animal reproduction and animal productivity. Of big concern for the authors of this chapter is the need to know more about diffuse exposure from the use of products containing chemical additives. 

EPA-Diesel RIA, Regulatory Impact Analysis—Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements United States Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Radiation EPA420-R, 99-023. 1999. December. 

The description of a water body and its catchment area underpins the pressures and impacts analysis. Useful information includes climate, geology, and land and soil use. In addition to a general description of the water body, it is essential to identify the driving forces that may be exerting pressures on the water body. Driving forces... 

Impact, ceramics, 5 630 Impact analysis activities, EIA, 10 236 Impact analysis, EIA, 10 240t Impact assessment types, 10 230, 231t Impact categories, in life cycle assessment, 14 817-818... 

Heiden, Edward J, and Alan R. Pittaway, "A Critique of the EPA Economic Impact Analysis of Proposed Section 5 Notice Requirements", Regulatory Research Service, (1981)... 

Although the methodology of assessment methods can be criticized, it is essential that we have accurate tools at our disposal in order to make the correct decisions regarding the appropriate materials/processes to use. An important aspect of making any determination of the environmental impact of a process, or as a consequence of the use of a specific material, is the determination of where the boundaries of the analysis should lie. A simple diagram of the principle elements of an environmental impact analysis is shown in Figure 9.1. 

Pressure and impact analysis of intensive agriculture on groundwater ... 

Fig. 1 Map showing the location of the groundwater bodies sampled in 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010 and results of the pressure and impact analysis of intensive agriculture on the groundwater bodies from Catalonia, as estimated by the Catalan Water Agency (ACA) - Generalitat de Catalunya http //www.gencat.cat/aca/...

The second area of activity has to do with studies being conducted by EPA to evaluate incinerator performance as part of the Agency s Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) of hazardous waste incineration regulations. As part of this analysis, several... 

Delaney, F.J. (2007) An impact analysis of the application of the threshold of toxicological concern concept to pharmaceuticals. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 49, 107-124. 

Particulate Impact Analysis in Oregon s Williamette Valley" State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, June... 

Authors have stressed the importance of LCAs for comparing environmental and energy impacts, outlined the difficulties encountered in conducting such assessments, and provided examples of past LCAs. They addressed additional issues and also examined the usefulness of LCAs in formulating public policy. When a given pollutant arises at multiple sites, life-cycle impact analysis is often replaced by life-cycle inventory analysis (Graedel et al., 1995). 

Finally, not to overemphasize the role of economics in making decisions on issues such as those surrounding the DRRA, it may be that economics can and should play only a small part in these decisions. That is, perhaps such decisions should be based primarily on social grounds. Too much appears to be expected of economic analysis, particularly cost-benefit analysis. Normally only parts of a problem and alternatives to solving it are amenable to economic analysis. We should not expect more regardless of the recent surge in demands for economic impact analysis. 

Ions produced by photon impact analysis of photoionization efficiency curves and comparison with ground-state cross section. 

Lutz M, Rauterberg-Wulff A (2010) Berlin s Low Emission Zone - top or flop Results of an impact analysis after 2 years in force. In 14th ETH conference on combustion generated particles, Zurich... 

---