Lifecycle impact analysis

Carvalho A, Gani R, Matos H. Design of sustainable chemical processes systematic retrofit analysis generation and evaluation of alternatives. Process Saf Environ Prot 2008 33(12) 2075—90. Earthwards life cycle impact areas. Johnson Johnson website, http //www.jnj.com/caring/ citizenship-sustainability/strategic-framework/lifecycle-impact-areas [last accessed 21.11.14]. 

Analysis of the solid and liquid process waste streams clearly indicates that the MCC process offers environmental benefits compared with the chemical resolution procedure. To generate data for the cradle-to-grave emissions and impacts, a streamlined life cycle assessment of all of the processes was performed using the Fast Lifecycle Assessment for Synthetic Chemistry, FLASC . 

All other scorecard items stem directly from lifecycle analysis assessment theory (32). For some impact types, quantitative norms can be stated. For stratospheric ozone layer depletion components, the emission norm is zero. This means in practice that components such as CFCs and SF6 should not be used at all, not even in contained technical applications, because containment over the lifecycle cannot be ensured. 

Our actions are part of an ambitious program to valorize all plastic materials at their end of life, to treat all the waste from our industries. This program is based on the study of the impact of polymers, from their produetion to their treatment after use. Each year, PlasticsEurope invests 250,000 euros to update arrd complete the lifecycle analysis of the production of polymers. We share data and collaborate closely with the Joint Research Center of the European Commission which works on calculating the environmental impact of products throughout their lifecycle. 

The main objective of these meetings was to go beyond the traditional analysis of the lifecycle of polymers and to provide for everyone willing to acquire the basic concepts of the envirorunental, and therefore societal, impacts of polymers and the means to reduce their effects, in order to update their knowledge and to be able to integrate it optimally into their lecturing. They wanted to share the solutiorrs already in existence and implemented by industry and the prospects for the short and... 

CBA, cost-benefit analysis DMC, direct material consumption DMI. direct material input EF. ecological footprint EIA, environmental impact assessment EMS, environmental management system En. energy analysis lOA, input-output analysis LCA, lifecycle assessment LCC. life cycle costing MFA, material flow accounting MIPS material intensity per unit service RA, risk assessment SEA. strategic environmental assessment SEEA system of economic and environmental accounts SFA, substance flow analysis TMR. total material requirement. 

Lehrburger, C., Mullen, J., Jones, C.V., 1991. Diapers Environmental Impacts and Lifecycle Analysis. The National Association of Diaper Services. Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice. EPA/600/R-06/060. May 2006. 

How are these decisions made The selection process usually involves extensive tradeoff analysis that compares the different feasible architectures with respect to some important system property or properties. Cost, not surprisingly, usually plays a large role in the selection process while other properties, including system safety, are usually left as a problem to be addressed later in the development lifecycle. Many of the early architectural decisions, however, have a significant and lasting impact on safety and may not be reversible after the basic architectural decisions have been made. For example, the decision not to include a crew escape system on... 

RTC A/DO-254 defines Functional Failure Path (FFP) as the specific set of interdependent circuits that could cause a particular anomalous behaviour in the hardware that implements the function or in the hardware that is dependent upon the function. FFP Analysis (FFPA) is used to iteratively decompose the hardware functions into a hierarchy of subfunction to determine if it will be possible to fulfil completely the objectives of RTCA/DO-254 for each subfunction. If the assurance lifecycle data available or expected to be available is complete, correct and acceptable per the RTCA/DO-254 objectives and guidance, then no further decomposition is necessary. If it is not, then decomposition continues until such a stage as the FFP feasibly maps to one of the Development Assurance methods (and associated data set) as described in the previous section. For FFPs that are not Levels A or B, their interrelationships with the Level A or B FFPs should be evaluated using an F-FMEA, common mode analysis or dependency diagram to ensure that the Level A and B FFPs cannot be adversely impacted by the FFPs which are not Level A or B. 

With growing concern of environment and sustainability, Imerys has taken an initiative to evaluate the sustainability aspects of the calcium carbonate mineral. lifecycle inventory (LCI) is a key part of the International Environmental Management System standards 14044 2006. This tool is used by companies in the plastics supply chain to understand the environmental impact of raw materials critical for plastics production. LCI analysis of treated ground calcium carbonate compared to base resins was carried out since treated GCC is used to replace some of the resin volume in plastics production. The production of treated GCC was found to have a lower impact on the environment than the production of various resin systems, including PVC, PE, and PP. Raw material and energy use inputs were included in the study, as were environmental emissions to land, air, and water [11]. 

S.2.3 An analysis shall be carried out on the impact of the proposed software modification on the functional safety of the E/E/PE safety-related system a) to determine whether or not a hazard and risk analysis is required b) to determine which software safety lifecycle phases will need to be repeated. 

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