Immune-mediated disease

If one considers the immune system as a continuum, dysregulation of immune function can also be expressed in the development of immune mediated diseases via enhanced... 

Immunoenhancement, which, as adverse effect, may lead to immune-mediated diseases such as hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. Hypersensitivity reactions are the result of normally beneficial immune responses acting inappropriately, causing inflammatory reactions and tissue damage. The two most frequent manifestation of chemical-induced allergy are contact hypersensitivity and respiratory sensitization, both of which can have a serious impact on quality of life and represent a common occupational health problem. Hypersensitivity reactions are often considered to be increased at such a rate to become a major health problem in relation to environmental chemical exposure. 

Aucoin, D.P. Propylthiouriacil-induced immune mediated disease syndrome in The cat A novel model for a drug-induced lupus-like disease, in Autoimmunity and toxicology. Immune disregulation induced by drugs and chemicals. Kammuller, M.E., Bloksma, N. and Seinen, W., eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989, chap. 12. 

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis work together as important modulators of the immune system after exposure to stressors. Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) (catecholamines from the SNS) and neuroendocrine hormones modulate a range of immune cell activities, including cell proliferation, cytokine and antibody production, lytic activity, and migration. This chapter will focus on these two major pathways of brain-immune signaling, briefly summarizing the evidence for SNS and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) modulation of immune function, their influence on immune-mediated diseases, immune modulation in aging, and early life influences on these pathways. 

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is an immune-mediated disease in which immunoglobulin, either as antibody directed against platelet antigens or nonspecifically bound to platelets, is present in increased quantities on platelets. This leads to increased destruction of platelets and, in many instances, megakaryocytes. Standard treatment consists of corticosteroids and splenectomy (72). When these measures fail, treatment may include androgenic steroids, administration of intravenous 7-globulin, or injection of vinca alkaloids. 

Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disease, triggered in genetically susceptible individuals by ingested gluten from wheat, rye, barley, and other closely related cereal grains. The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet for life. This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on the safety of pure oats for individuals with celiac disease, which historically has been subject to debate. 

Nucleus Nucleus, nucleolus Steroid hormone receptors Immune-mediated disease ... 

Oldstone MB. Molecular mimicry and immune-mediated diseases. Faseb J 1998 12 1255-65. 

Infliximab Remicade Centocor Anti- TNFa IgGl kappa Immune- mediated diseases 1998... 

Hay fever is most commonly due to hypersensitivity to pollens (tree pollen in springtime, grass and weed pollen during the summer) and occasionally mould spores (during the late summer and autumn months). There is a strong link between allergic rhinitis and other immune-mediated diseases such as atopic eczema and asthma. 

Sainz de la Maza M, Foster CS, Jabbur NS. Scleritis associated with rheumatoid arthritis and with other systemic immune-mediated diseases. Ophthalmology 1994 101 1281-1286 discussion 1287-1288. 

Bystander activation activation of autoreactive cells through nonspecific inflammation and induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is also of pathological consequence in MS. It has been suggested that bystander activation, induced by persistent virus infection or primed by molecular mimicry may activate autoreactive T-cells specific for the CNS (McCoy et al., 2006). Einally, cryptic antigens may also play a role in immune activation. In other immune-mediated diseases such as Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis and Chagas Heart Disease, exposure of cryptic epitopes leads to the activation of autoimmune cells and further contributes to... 

Varrderiugt CL, Miller SD (2002) Epitope spreading in immune-mediated diseases Implications for immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2 85—95. 

ADEM acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is an immune mediated disease of brain. It is brief but significant and results in direct myelin damage. It usually occurs following a viral infection or vaccination (commonly for measles, mumps or rubella), but it may also appear spontaneously. 

Greenwood J, Bamforth S, Wang Y, Devine L (1995) The blood-retinal barrier in immune- mediated diseases of the retina. In New Concepts of a Blood-Brain Barrier (Greenwood J, Begley DJ, Segal MB, eds), pp 315-326. New York Plenum Press. 

Some speculate that ACAID-based immunotherapy may be beneficial in immune-mediated diseases of the eye and a variety of other organs. This is due to the fact that the immune deviation of ACAID produces T regulatory cells that are effective in inhibiting both Thl and Th2 responses (both primary and secondary responses). Cdld-reactive NKT cell-dependent tolerance or ACAID induced by inoculation of antigen into the eye may contribute to self-tolerance and prevention of autoimmune responses in organs and tissues in general. 

The failure of immunosuppression to ameliorate type-Idiabetes or chronic progressive multiple sclerosis, predominantly immune mediated diseases, invaUdates the role of immune mechanisms in initiating these disorders. 

Mouthon L, Kaveri SV, Spalter SH, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Lefranc C, Desai R, Kazatchkine MD. Mechanisms of action of intravenous immune globulin in immune-mediated diseases. Chn Exp Immunol 1996 104(Suppl l) 3-9. 

The possibility of autoimmune disorders during interferon alfa treatment has been addressed by many authors. The spectrum of interferon alfa-induced immune diseases includes organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases, such as thyroiditis, diabetes, hematological disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological disease, and myasthenia gravis (156). Several have been discussed in appropriate sections elsewhere in this monograph. The exact role of interferon alfa is usually difficult to ascertain, because the underlying disease, that is chronic hepatitis C, can also be associated with immune-mediated disease. 

Numerous investigators have reported and reviewed the chnical application of monoclonal antibodies in various areas, including organ transplantation, neoplastic diseases, severe sepsis, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Collectively, these antibodies generally did not produce major adverse effects. The rapid development of antibodies against murine monoclonal antibodies is one of the most important clinical hmitations to their therapeutic use, but the development of humanized (chimeric human/ murine) monoclonal antibodies has improved their safety. Monoclonal antibodies have also been used in non-immune mediated diseases, such as cancer, septic shock, reperfusion, and as antiplatelet drugs. Treatment of neoplastic diseases with monoclonal antibodies is theoretically attractive. Unfortunately none of the monoclonal antibodies available at present has been demonstrated to be strictly tumor-specific, and binding of antibody to normal cells has been shown to be the major unknown factor for toxicity (6). 

Fournie GJ, Cautain B, Xystrakis E, Damoiseaux J, Mas M, Lagrange D, Bernard I, Subra JF, Pelletier L, Druet P, Saoudi A Cellular and genetic factors involved in the difference between Brown Norway and Lewis rats to develop respectively type-2 and type-1 immune-mediated diseases. Immunol Rev 2001 184 145-60. 

Glucocorticoid therapy for immune-mediated diseases basic and ciinical correlates. Annals of Internal Medicine 119 1198-1208... 

O Neill, J. K., Baker, D., Davison, A. N., Allen, S. J., Butter, C., Waldman, H., and Turk, J. L., Control of immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system with monoclonal (CD4-specific) antibodies, J. Neuroimmunol., 45, 1, 1993. 

Barlow JE. CompUcations of therapy. In Boumpas DT, moderator. Glucocorticoid therapy for immune mediated diseases Basic and clinical correlates. Ann Intern Med 1993 119 1198—1208. 

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