Myelin damage

Hill K. E., Zollinger L. V., Watt H. E., Carlson N. G., and Rose J. W. (2004). Inducible nitric oxide synthase in chronic active multiple sclerosis plaques distribution, cellular expression and association with myelin damage. J. Neuroimmunol. 151 171-179. 

The superoxide oxide radical interacts with nitric oxide to produce peroxynitrite at a rate which three times faster than the rate at which superoxide dismutase utilizes superoxide (Beckman, 1994). Peroxynitrite is capable of diffusing to distant places in neural cells where it induces lipid peroxidation and may be involved in synaptosomal and myelin damage (Van der Veen and Roberts, 1999). After protonation and decomposition, peroxynitrite produces more hydroxyl radicals. This mechanism of hydroxyl radical generation is not dependent on redox active metal ions and may be involved in initiating lipid and protein peroxidation in vivo (Warner et al., 2004). 

A serum concentration of vitamin B12 below 110 pmol per L is associated with megaloblastic bone marrow, incipient anemia, and myelin damage. Below... 

During myelin repair, NF 155 is an early marker of myelin damage (Howell et al.,... 

ADEM acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is an immune mediated disease of brain. It is brief but significant and results in direct myelin damage. It usually occurs following a viral infection or vaccination (commonly for measles, mumps or rubella), but it may also appear spontaneously. 

Specific C04+ T cede Initiate myelin damage by various effector mechanisms production of cytokines and chemoklnes activation of macrophagesy microglia production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide CDS T cells and B cells also participate as effectors... 

G. P. Genain, B. Cannella, S.L Hauser and C. S. Raine, (1999). Identification of autoantibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis. Nat. Med. 5, 170-175. 

A serum concentration of vitamin B below llOpmol/L is associated with megaloblastic bone marrow, incipient anaemia and myelin damage. Below 150pmol/L there are early bone marrow changes, abnormalities of the dUMP suppression test (section 11.11.6.2) and methylmalonic aciduria after a valine load (section 11.10.2). 

Ultrastructural studies in acute cytotoxic oedema obtained by TET application [14, 15] reveal separation of myelin lamellae and splitting of the intraperiod line but no evidence of destruction of myelin. In contrast, in brain oedema induced by insertion of PPD (vasogenic type), [16] there is myelin damage, and macrophages with phagocytosed myelin are found. 

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