Saturation profiles

S. Sheppard, M. D. Mantle, A. J. Seder-man, M. L. Johns, L. F. Gladden 2003, (Magnetic resonance imaging study of complex fluid flow in porous media flow patterns and quantitative saturation profiling of amphiphilic fracturing fluid displacement in sandstone cores), Magn. Reson. Imag. 21, 365. 

Fig. 4.1.13 Calculated and measured water saturation profiles for a multi-rate primary drainage experiment on the Texas Cream limestone sample. Starting from the upper left, profiles correspond to times of 12, 22, 238, 500 and 696 min. (Reprinted with permission for [34]).

Fig. 23.5. Mineral saturation indices (log Q/K) over the course of simulating the reheating of a hypothetical geothermal fluid that degassed CO2 during sampling. Dashed line marks original formation temperature (250 °C). Although each of the minerals shown was present in the formation, the saturation profiles do not clearly identify the formation temperature because of the C02 loss.

Lundegard, R D. and Mudford, B. S., 1998, LNAPL Volume Calculation Parameter Estimation by Nonlinear Regression of Saturation Profiles Ground Water Monitoring Remediation, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 88-93. 

Saturation profiles for the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and the central Indian Ocean (GEOSECS stations 31,221,450). 

Figure 23. Liquid saturation profiles at cathode GDL— catalyst layer interface along the channel direction for different humidification levels at Keii = 0.65 V. Anode and cathode stoichiometries are 1.4 at 1.0 A/cm. ...

Fig. 8 shows the time and azimuthally averaged radial liquid saturation profiles at varying superficial gas and liquid velocities at the middle axial position (2.5D). The figure shows that liquid saturation is nearly flat, which suggests a fair uniformity of liquid distribution. Moreover, with increasing liquid velocities, liquid saturation increases. Similar trends were obtained at all scan heights. 

Typical vertical saturation profiles for the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Central Indian oceans are presented in Figure 4.10. The profiles in the Atlantic and Indian oceans are similar in shape, but Indian Ocean waters at these GEOSECS sites are definitely more undersaturated than the Atlantic Ocean. The saturation profile in the Pacific Ocean is complex. The water column between 1 and 4 km depth is close to equilibrium with calcite. This finding is primarily the result of a broad oxygen minimum-C02 maximum in mid-water and makes choosing the saturation depth (SD) where Oc = 1 difficult (the saturation depth is also often referred to as the saturation level SL). 

The interconnected capillary model, when developed theoretically, shows that the entire saturation profile (not just the front) expands parabolically along the porous bed without changing shape [10]. This is confirmed in Figure 4.7 by noting that a group of saturation (concentration) profiles... 

In this display, a nonsaturating material would appear as a horizontal line. The reader should note that the initial Illinois 6 and naphthalenide-treated Illinois 6 coals have virtually the same saturation profile. Thermal treatment of the coal with potassium at 300°C actually makes Tf longer. Dry Illinois 6 (A) Sternberg Illinois 6 (M) KI Illinois 6 (300 C/4h) ( ). 

Figure 2 Average saturation profiles in time for drying with or without microwaves.

The oil saturation profiles and pressure data for the constant flow experiments are shown in Figures 13-16. 

Figure 2. Idealized saturation profile for the CO2 foam process.

Saturation profiles calculated from the cross-sectional average CT data. Figures 11 and 12 which correspond to Figures 9b and c, reveal that most of the waterflood residual oil was displaced ahead of the bulk-phase CO2. Mobilization occurs as oil swollen above Sorw is displaced by mobile brine. 

The Geochemical Ocean Section Program (GEOSECS) has produced data from which it is possible to profile the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcite and aragonite in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Representative north-south calcite saturation profiles for the Western Atlantic and Central Pacific oceans are presented in Figures 5 and 6 (based on 39). It was observed that the saturation state of seawater with respect to calcite at the CCD was close to constant ( 2 = 0.70 I" 0,05) except in the southern extremes (39). Broecker and Takahashi (31) have recently found that the carbonate ion concentration is close to constant at the FL, when appropriate corrections are made for pressure. The saturation state of seawater at the FL, calculated by the method presented in this paper, is 0.80 0.05. Berger (40) has presented profiles for Rq, FL, CCD and CSL (calcite saturation level) in the eastern and western Atlantic ocean (see... 

The EPR relaxation behavior can be analyzed quantitatively by measuring microwave power saturation profiles of the EPR signal of the radical at various temperatures. The EPR signal intensity increases in proportion to the square root of the microwave power until the onset of saturation of the spin system... 

The power satnration occurs when the rate of absorption of microwave exceeds the rate at which the system returns to eqnilibrinm. A spectral parameter, R1/2, is used to describe quantitatively the microwave power saturation profile. In the RNR tyrosyl radical case, the R1/2 values at four representative temperatnres are given in Table 3. The most straightforward interpretation for the easily saturated radical spectra with very small P j2 values, as seen in M. tuberculosis R2, is that the tyrosyl radical is minimally influenced in its relaxation by the di-ferric clnster. This finding is reverse in mouse and yeast R2 proteins. To obtain the precise distance information in a biological system, advanced techniques such as ESSEM would be more pertinent than the continuous-wave EPR spectroscopy. 

Fig, 3.3.9 INil 1) SPREAD pulses for saturation of longitudinal magnetization, (a) Saturation profile. Magnetization in the selected slice is to be preserved, (b) Efficiency of the DIGGER pulse. The response to a nonselcctive pulse applied in a c gradient is. shown as well as the same response preceded by a DIGGER pulse, (c) Time-domain profile of SPREAD pulse. 

FIGURE 2.8 Concentration or saturation profile and history (a) profile and (b) history. 

FIGURE 2.15 Saturation profile when a chemical solution is injected in a reservoir at interstitial water saturation. 

FIGURE 2.17 Water saturation profile showing interstitial water displaced by injected water. 

Equation 2.105 shows that Swp can be found by drawing a tangent to the fw versus Sw curve for the polymer solution from the point (Sw, fw) = (-Dp, 0), as shown in Figure 2.18. The water saturation profile is shown in Figure 2.19. The average wafer saturation is given by Eq. 2.106. 

FIGURE 2.19 Saturation profile for polymer flood started at interstitial water saturation when... 

FIGURE 2.21 Water saturation profile when a polymer flood is started at a high initial water saturation. 

FIGURE 2.25 Saturation profile for a Winsor I microemulsion flood started at waterflood residual oil saturation,... 

A surfactant flood can recover the oil left from a waterflood. Sometimes, a surfactant flood is applied at the waterflood residual oil saturation, So . When a surfactant flood is started, Sorw, the water saturation profile is as shown in Figure 2.25. Corresponding to Figure 2.25, Figure 2.26 shows the fractional... 

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