Hydrocarbons water soluble fraction

However, there are some potential effects of spilled oil on fish. The impacfs on fish are primarily to fhe eggs and larvae, wifh limited effecfs on fhe adulls. The sensitivity varies by species pink salmon fry are affected by exposure to water-soluble fractions of crnde oil, and pink salmon eggs are very tolerant to benzene and water-soluble petroleum. The general effects are difficnlt to assess and document quantitatively, dne to the seasonal and natural variability of the species. Fish rapidly metabolize aromatic hydrocarbons, due to their enzyme system. 

Naphthalene and its homologs are less acutely toxic than benzene but are more prevalent for a longer period during oil spills. The toxicity of different crude oils and refined oils depends not only on the total concentration of hydrocarbons but also the hydrocarbon composition in the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of petroleum, water solubility, concentrations of individual components, and toxicity of the components. The water-soluble fractions prepared from different oils wiU vary in these parameters. Water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of refined oils (e.g.. No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C oil) are more toxic than water-soluble fraction of crude oil to several species of fish (killifish and salmon). Compounds with either more rings or methyl substitutions are more toxic than less substituted compounds, but tend to be less water soluble and thus less plentiful in the water-soluble fraction. 

There are indications that pure naphthalene (a constituent of mothballs, which are, by definition, toxic to moths) and alkylnaphthalenes are from three to 10 times more toxic to test animals than are benzene and alkylbenzenes. In addition, and because of the low water solubility of tricyclic and polycyclic (polynuclear) aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., those aromatic hydrocarbons heavier than naphthalene), these compounds are generally present at very low concentrations in the water-soluble fraction of oil. Therefore, the results of this smdy and others conclude that the soluble aromatics of crude oil (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and naphthalenes) produce the majority of its toxic effects in the enviromnent. 

Source Schauer et al. (1999) reported naphthalene in diesel fuel at a concentration of 600 pg/g and in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at an emission rate of 617 pg/km. Detected in distilled water-soluble fractions of 87 octane gasoline (0.24 mg/L), 94 octane gasoline (0.21 mg/L), Gasohol (0.29 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (0.60 mg/L), jet fuel A (0.34 mg/L), diesel fuel (0.25 mg/L), military jet fuel JP-4 (0.18 mg/L) (Potter, 1996), and used motor oil (116 to 117 pg/L) (Chen et al, 1994). Lee et al. (1992) investigated the partitioning of aromatic hydrocarbons into water. They reported concentration ranges from 350 to 1,500 mg/L and 80 to 300 pg/L in diesel fuel and the corresponding aqueous phase (distilled water), respectively. Diesel fuel obtained from a service station in Schlieren, Switzerland contained 708 mg/L naphthalene (Schluep et al, 2001). 

The partitioning of fuel oil no. 2 and kerosene into drinking water after 17 hours of incubation resulted in only 1.0% of the fuel oil and 0.7% of the kerosene being dissolved in the water. Further analysis of these fuels indicated that although each compound contains approximately 50% aliphatic hydrocarbons (by weight percent), the water-soluble fractions contained primarily aromatic constituents (>93%) including benzenes and naphthalenes as shown below (Coleman et al. 1984) ... 

Distinctions between water-soluble fractions of mixed hydrocarbons may be made by using solvent extraction of the water-soluble base/neutral and acid fractions with methylene chloride (EPA 1991c Thomas and Delfino 1991a). This separation of base/neutral and acid fractions will permit the GC resolution of the type of water soluble hydrocarbons present in the aqueous phase. Hexane has also been used as a solvent (DellAcqua and Bush 1973), as has pentane (Coleman et al. 1984). 

To investigate further the chemical characteristics of potential alternative emulsifiers, the water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of each emulsifier were measured [61]. The samples were analyzed for total recovered hydrocarbons (TRH) in the C10-C36 region and PAHs [3, 62]. The chemical analysis of the emulsifier WSFs did not detect PAHs. Consequently, in the future, use of low-fluorescence emulsifiers in the reformulated Syndrill 80 20 (Mod) will allow the measurement of biliary fluorescence as a biomarker of exposure in field-caught fish attracted to cutting piles, with any detected fluorescence eliminating the drilling mud Syndrill 80 20 (Mod) as a source of fluorescent metabolites in the biliary secretions. 

Smoke condensates are obtained by condensing smoke in water or another solvent. They may be further fractionated, purified or concentrated. The fractionation steps have two purposes to obtain products of interesting olfactory properties and to reduce the concentration of undesirable by-products from the smoke. Only the water-soluble fraction is used. The organic phase will be abandoned because a work up of the tar fraction is too expensive. The smoke solution will be filtered in order to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). According to a Russian patent [18] it is also possible to use 2% chitin and 0.5% chitosan for removing PAHs almost quantitatively. Afterwards the components of the smoke solution may be concentrated by distillation. The resulting product will be processed into smoke flavouring preparations. 

Aliphatic EC>16-EC35 Fraction. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in this fraction are not expected to undergo extensive metabolism in animals or humans. In monkeys, 2 days after intramuscular injection of a mineral oil emulsion with a radiolabeled C16 hydrocarbon Oz-hexanedecane), substantial portions (30-90%) of radioactivity in various tissues existed as unmetabolized n-hexanedecane. The remainder of the radioactivity was found as phospholipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and sterol esters. No radioactivity was found in water-soluble fractions (ATSDR 1997b). The common presence of lipogranulomata in human autopsies and the widespread dietary exposure to mineral oils and waxes (Wanless and Geddie 1985) are consistent with the concept that aliphatic hydrocarbons in this fraction are slowly metabolized. 

Due to the relatively high water solubility, monoaromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds are among the most frequently identified water pollutants. Monoaromatics like benzene, toluene and the xylenes, are the main constituents of the water soluble fraction of gasoline and other oil products, and they are widely used as solvents. Phenohcs often occur in coimection with creosote and tar pollution in groimd water and else in mai types of industrial process water discharge (Cooper and Wheatstone, 1973). Fmthermoie, they are often identified as intermediary metabolites in the degradation of other aromatic compoimds. 

Figure 3b. Hydrocarbons from a water-soluble fraction of a biological bioassay solution (satured hydrocarbons lost) prepared from a South Louisiana crude oil. Chromatograph conditions Stainless column (91 m X 0.25 mm) wall coated with low viscosity DC-200. Gas sample containing hydrocarbons collected from sample loop on head of column at —100°C, quickly raised to 20°C, and temperature programmed...

Roesijadi G, Anderson JW, Blaylock JW (1977) Uptake of hydrocarbons from marine sediments contaminated with Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil influence of feeding type of test species and availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Fish Res Board Can 35 608-614 Rossi SS (1977) Bioavailability of petroleum hydrocarbons from water, sediments and detritus to the marine annelid, Neanthes arenaceodentata. Proc. 1977 oil spill conference (Prevention, behaviour, control, cleanup) Washington DC, Am Petrol Inst, pp 621-626 Rossi SS, Anderson JW (1977) Accumulation and release of fuel-oil-derived diaromatic hydrocarbons by the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. Mar Biol 39 51-55 Rossi SS, Anderson JW, Ward GS (1976) Toxicity of water-soluble fractions of four test oils for the polychaetous annelids, Neanthes arenaceodentata and Capitella capitata. Environ Pollut 10 9-18 Sanborn HR, Malins DC (1977) Toxicity and metabolism of naphthalene a study with marine larval invertebrates. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 154 151-155 Sanborn HR, Malins DC (1980) The disposition of aromatic hydrocarbons in adult spot shrimp Pandalus platyceros) and the formation of metabolites of naphthalene in adult and larval spot shrimp. Xenobiotica 10 193-200... 

However rare aromatic hydrocarbons are as products of biosynthesis, among fossil hydrocarbons they are abundant. Because aromatic hydrocarbons are more polar than aliphatic hydrocarbons, they usually dominate the water soluble fraction of crude oils and their products. 

When there is delay in clean up action for any reason, after spaUage has occurred, the water soluble components of crude oil seep into the aquatic ecosystem. The components of crude oil that go into solution make up the WSF. Concave (1979) reported that pane hydrocarbon yield 4.2mgH of WSF. Baker (1970a) observed that water soluble fraction (WSF) is produced during a long period of oil water contact. 

In general, aquatic invertebrates are substantially more sensitive to petroleum hydrocarbons than algae (Mahoney and Haskin, 1980). LC50S of 1-5 mg L have been reported for the water-soluble fraction of many types of crude oil, but this range can be extended to <0.1-100 mg L depending... 

Most nonpolar substances have very small water solubilities. Petroleum, a mixture of hydrocarbons, spreads out in a thin film on the surface of a body of water rather than dissolving. The mole fraction of pentane, CsH12, in a saturated water solution is only 0.0001. These low solubilities are readily understood in terms of the structure of liquid water, which you will recall (Chapter 9) is strongly hydrogen-bonded. Dissimilar intermolecular forces between C5H12 (dispersion) and H2O (H bonds) lead to low solubility. 

Experiments with monkeys given intramuscular injections of a mineral oil emulsion with [l-14C] -hexa-decane tracer provide data illustrating that absorbed C-16 hydrocarbon (a major component of liquid petrolatum) is slowly metabolized to various classes of lipids (Bollinger 1970). Two days after injection, substantial portions of the radioactivity recovered in liver (30%), fat (42%), kidney (74%), spleen (81%), and ovary (90%) were unmetabolized -hexadecane. The remainder of the radioactivity was found as phospholipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and sterol esters. Essentially no radioactivity was found in the water-soluble or residue fractions. One or three months after injection, radioactivity still was detected only in the fat-soluble fractions of the various organs, but 80-98% of the detected radioactivity was found in non-hydrocarbon lipids. 

The transport and dispersion of fuel oils are dependent on the water solubility and volatility of the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. Lower molecular weight hydrocarbons such as -alkanes may volatilize relatively quickly from both water and soil, while larger aliphatics (greater than C, chain length) may be sorbed to organic particles in water or soil. Aromatic hydrocarbons will be dissolved in the aqueous phase in both soil and water and may undergo some volatilization. 

Solubility Very soluble in water, benzene, diethyl ether, and ethanol soluble in methanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, dimethylformamide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and petroleum fractions (Budavari, 1996 Lide, 1997)... 

On mixing this emulsifier solution with an only slightly water-soluble monomer, a small fraction of the monomer solubilizes in the micelles—i.e., some monomer dissolves in the hydrocarbon interior of the micelles, which swell to roughly double their original size. The remainder of the monomer is dispersed in small droplets, the size of which depends on the intensity of agitation. The diameter of these droplets is usually not smaller than about 1 micron (10,000 A.) and, hence, there are at most some 10 droplets per milliliter of water at the normally employed ratio of monomer to water phase. 

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