Organic particles

Particles are the major cause of the ha2e and the brown color that is often associated with smog. The three most important types of particles produced in smog are composed of organics, sulfates, and nitrates. Organic particles are formed when large VOC molecules, especially aromatics and cycHc alkenes, react with each other and form condensable products. Sulfate particles are formed by a series of reactions initiated by the attack of OH on SO2 in the gas phase or by Hquid-phase reactions. Nitrate particles are formed by... 

Removing small amounts of suspended inorganic or organic particles from surface water prior to its use as drinking water or industrial process water. 

Sedimentation analysis is suitable for a wide variety of materials and is used for both quaHty control and research work, such as agglomeration studies (56), and gives well-defined, relatively high resolution results. The technique has been employed in the evaluation of soils, sediments, pigments, fillers, phosphors, clays (qv), minerals, photographic haHdes, and organic particles (57,58). 

Hydrophobic substances are soluble in nonpolar solvents, whereas their solubiUty in water is very limited. Many of these substances are also soluble in fats and Hpids and are also called hpophile compounds. Such substances have a tendency to avoid contact with water and to associate with a nonpolar, nonaqueous environment, such as a surface, eg, an organic particle, a particle containing organic material, or the lipid-containing biomass of an organism. 

Adsorption of Metal Ions and Ligands. The sohd—solution interface is of greatest importance in regulating the concentration of aquatic solutes and pollutants. Suspended inorganic and organic particles and biomass, sediments, soils, and minerals, eg, in aquifers and infiltration systems, act as adsorbents. The reactions occurring at interfaces can be described with the help of surface-chemical theories (surface complex formation) (25). The adsorption of polar substances, eg, metal cations, M, anions. A, and weak acids, HA, on hydrous oxide, clay, or organically coated surfaces may be described in terms of surface-coordination reactions ... 

Bioflocculation The clumping together of fine, dispersed organic particles by the action of certain bacteria and algae. 

Allergic alveolitis An allergic response to inhalation of organic particles that involves inflammation of the small terminal branches of the bronchioles. Symptoms include coughing, increased production of mucus, fever, fatigue, and muscle aches. 

Chang, C.J. and Randolph, A.D., 1989. Precipitation of microsized organic particles from supercritical fluids. American Institution of Chemical Engineers Journal, 35, 1876-1882. 

It follows that deep seawater contains nutrients from two sources. First, it may contain nutrients that were present with the water when it sank from the surface. These are called preformed nutrients." Second, it may contain nutrients derived by the in situ remineralization of organic particles. These are called oxidative nutrients. 

A common characteristic of metabolic pathways is that the product of one enzyme in sequence is the substrate for the next enzyme and so forth. In vivo, biocatalysis takes place in compartmentalized cellular structure as highly organized particle and membrane systems. This allows control of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Several multienzyme systems have been studied by many researchers. They consist essentially of membrane- [104] and matrix- [105,106] bound enzymes or coupled enzymes in low water media [107]. 

Microcrystalline waxes can also act as an antiblock and can provide some processing benefits. Polymeric antiblocks based on organic particles have also recently been introduced. 

The respiratory system may be damaged directly by particulate matter that enters the blood systems or lymph system through the lungs. In addition, the particulate material or soluble components of it, heavy metals, for instance, may be transported to organs. Particles cleared from the respiratory tract are to a large extent swallowed into the gastrointestinal tract. 

The significant part of heavy metals in the soils of Steppe ecosystems are bound with highly dispersed mineral-organic particles, to a lesser degree, with only organic matter. We can see that the water-soluble and exchangeable forms are less than 1 % of the total content. Specific forms of heavy metals are bound with carbonate and gypsum in B and C horizons (Table 5). 

The particles in natural systems are characterized by a great diversity (minerals, including clays and organic particles organisms - biological debris, humus, macromolecules - and inorganic particles coated with organic matter, etc.) (Table 7.1). 

The term non-interactive filler means that the filler does not play a role in the crosslinking of the network. Even so fillers can have a marked effect on both elastic properties and wear resistance. Filler particles are usually inorganic or organic particles with a high modulus. For example carbon is used in car tyres. 

Another approach is to consider petroleum constituents in terms of transportable materials, the character of which is determined by several chemical and physical properties (i.e., solubility, vapor pressure, and propensity to bind with soil and organic particles). These properties are the basis of measures of teachability and volatility of individual hydrocarbons. Thus, petroleum transport fractions can be considered by equivalent carbon number to be grouped into 13 different fractions. The analytical fractions are then set to match these transport... 

DOM also tends to be concentrated at boimdaries, such as the sediment-water and air-sea interfeces. The latter is also characterized by enrichments of POM, such as bacteria. Under calm conditions, the DOM and POM that collects at the air-sea interface forms a visible surfece slick or microlayer. On windy days, this organic matter can be whipped up into an emulsion that has the appearance of a very sturdy foam. DOM can also be transferred into the POM pool by adsorbing onto organic particles. 

Sediment Particulate inorganic or organic particles that accumulate in loose, unconsolidated form. 

M. Louhi-Kultanen, H. Qu, N. Sahnela, J. Kallas and L. Nystrom, Filter cake washing Partial dissolution of organic particles and real-time monitoring based on Raman spectroscopy, Sep. Purif. Technol., 59, 270-276 (2008). 

Transport of contaminants by surface runoff is illustrated in the experimental results of Turner et al. (2004), which deal with the colloid-mediated transfer of phosphorus (P) from a calcareous agricultural land to watercourses. Colloidal molybdate-reactive phosphorus (MRP) was identified by ultrafiltration associated with particles between l am and Inm in diameter. Colloidal P compounds can constitute a substantial component of the filterable MRP in soil solution and include primary and secondary P minerals, P occluded or adsorbed on or within mineral or organic particles, and biocolloids (Kretzschmar et al. 1999). 

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