Hydrocarbon mixes

Hydrocarbons (mixed C3-C,q) Lab method using pumped porous polymer and carbon sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and gas chromatography 60... 

Other polynuclear hydrocarbons may include bridged hydrocarbons, spiro hydrocarbons, mixed systems containing alicyclic and aromatic rings, and aliphatic chains, etc. Examples may be found in the CRC Handbook [63, Section C]. Physical properties of selected polynuclear aromatic compounds are given in [49, p. 967]. 

Normal /, /i -Oxydipropionitrile Carbowax (400, 600, 750, etc.) Glycols (ethylene, diethylene) Cyanoethylsilicone Saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. hexane, heptane aromatic solvents, e.g. benzene, xylene saturated hydrocarbons mixed with up to 10 per cent dioxan, methanol, ethanol, chloroform, methylene chloride (dichloromethane)... 

Cj, and C2 depend upon the hydrocarbon mix, temperature, radiation, and details of the chemical mechanism. Sillman et al (86) determine typical noon values for the CAL (182) mechanism A=4xl0" s" Bi=3xl0" s Ci=2xl0" cm s" C2=5.5xl0" cm molecule s ... 

Most dangerous reactions deal with ethylenic, acetylenic and aromatic hydrocarbons. But there is an example of a dangerous reaction, which brings a saturated hydrocarbon mixed with pentacarbonyl iron into play. 

Gas chromatographic methods are currently the preferred laboratory methods for measurement of total petroleum hydrocarbon measurement because they detect a broad range of hydrocarbons and provide both sensitivity and selectivity. In addition, identification and quantification of individual constituents of the total petroleum hydrocarbon mix is possible. 

The tray may flood. Water and hydrocarbon mixing on the tray deck, stirred up by the flowing gas, creates an emulsion. The emulsion does not separate as readily as clear liquid from the gas. Premature downcomer backup, followed by tray deck flooding, result. 

Beneke Explosives, patented in England in 1896, were prepd by melting rosin and mixing it with 1-1,5 parts of finely pulverized K bichromate and 1-1.5 ps Na carbonate or bicarbonate. After cooling, the mass was pulverized, mixed with additional 4-5ps of rosin and 93-94ps of AN and reheated to coat the AN crysts with rosin. These expls were relatively non-hygroscopic. Other Beneke expls consisted of liq hydrocarbons mixed with K bichromate(or chlorate, or permanganate) and finely pulverized charcoal. An expl patented in 1900 consisted of AN and some K chlorate... 

Both the contact efficiency of isobutane and olefin in the zones and the mixing efficiency of acid and hydrocarbon in these reactors are very important. The flow must be such that no isobutane recycle will bypass the reaction zone and no hydrocarbon will bypass the acid-hydrocarbon mixing zone. With this type of unit, a mixer driven by a 40-hp. motor is usually used in each of the zones. A reactor containing five such mixers can normally make 1500 bbl. per day of alkylate. The seven-zone reactors can make 3400 bbl. per day of alkylate. 

Some of the observed physical properties of hydrocarbons result from the nonpolar character of the compounds. In general, hydrocarbons do not mix with polar solvents such as water or ethyl alcohol. On the other hand, hydrocarbons mix with relatively nonpolar solvents such as ligroin (a mixture of alkanes), carbon tetrachloride, or dichloromethane. Since the density of most hydrocarbons is less than that of water, they will float. Crude oil and crude oil products (home heating oil and gasoline) are mixtures of hydrocarbons these substances, when spilled on water, spread quickly along the surface because they are insoluble in water. 

BASF/ABB Lummus Global Butadiene-free C4 hydrocarbons, mixed Mixed C4 hydrocarbons Selective hydrogenation of butadiene from mixed C4s stream product—butadiene-free C4 stream 6 2001... 

Metal oxide catalysts can be classified as oxides of transition elements or as oxides of other typical metals. Typical transition elements include Cr, Fe, Co, Mo, and V, whose oxides catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions by changing the oxidation state of the metal ion. For selective oxidation of hydrocarbons, mixed oxides containing Mo and V are widely used. Oxides of other metals (acidic oxides such as silica and silica-alumina, basic oxides such as CaO and MgO, and amphoteric oxides such as alumina) catalyze acid or base reactions such as alkylation, isomerization, and hydration-dehydration. 

Jobson B. T., Parrish D. D., Goldan P., Kuster W., Fehsenfeld F. C., Blake D. R., Blake N. J., and Niki H. (1998) Spatial and temporal variability of nonmethane hydrocarbon mixing ratios and their relation to photochemical lifetime. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 13557-13567. 

The primary combustion reaction is a straightforward redox reaction. A compound made primarily of hydrogen and carbon, a hydrocarbon, is usually the fuel. When hydrocarbons mix with oxygen, they can react to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water and heat. 

It is well known that in the stack or exit gas of waste incineration plants there is not only one VOC or Cl-VOC but a mixture of them. Some preliminary tests were made introducii a second hydrocarbon mixed with TCE. Heptane and toluene were selected as key aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The activity of the catalyst was exp. determined with and without these hydrocarbons as well as with and without steam in the flue gas. 

A case study in Sweden of 859 NHL cases has shown an association between increased NHL risk and industrial exposure to aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, mixed organic solvents, and gasoline as well as working as an automobile mechanic or painter. 92 ... 

Chlorinated hydrocarbons mixed with an excess of air. l emperatures corresponding to maximum phosgene production. Measured in mg of COCl per g of chlorinated hydrocarbon. 

Jing, L.H., S.M. Steinberg, and B.J. Johnson Aldehyde and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixing ratios at an urban site in Las Vegas, Nevada, Journal of the Air Waste Management Association, 51 (2001) 1359-... 

A variant of this is the passage of the vapors of chlorinated hydrocarbons mixed with steam over solid alkaline materials, such as lime, yielding alcidiols. 

BASF/Lummus Technology Butadiene-free C hydrocarbons, mixed Mixed C hydrocarbons Selective hydrogenation of butadiene from mixed C s stream product-butadiene-free C stream 28 2009... 

Consider the kinetics of the plasma process starting with decomposition of hydrocarbons in low-pressure glow discharges, which initiates polymerization (Yensen, Bell, Soong, 1983 Ivanov Epstein, 1984 Ivanov, 1989 Ivanov, Rytova, Soldatova, 1990a Ivanov et al, 1990b). If the initial concentration of hydrocarbons mixed with an inert gas exceeds 10-20 vol %, dissociation of hydrocarbons is mostly due to electronic excitation by direct... 

All hydrocarbon mixed surfactant systems with dissimilar head groups, such as ionic/nonionic, ionic/ amphoteric, and anionic/cationic, tend to have increased adsorption relative to the pure component adsorption at the same surfactant concentration. This synergisin is analogous to the effect of mixed surfactant systems in forming low CMC surfactant mixtures. It is easier to form a mixed admicelie rather than a pure component admicelie, just as it is easier to form a mixed micelle. 

Similarly, product dijfusion selectivity may act on the products of a reaction that are formed within the catalyst, so that the fastest diffusing products are able to leave the catalyst preferentially whereas the bulkier remain behind, where they can react further. The direct observation of the difference in relative abundance of aromatic molecules in adsorbed and gas phases during the MTG process over H-ZSM-5 by MAS NMR (Section 8.5) is a good example of this. The effect of product diffusion control on product selectivity has been well demonstrated by the use of in situ C NMR under reaction conditions," " " where the adsorbed hydrocarbon mix of the methanol-to-gasoline reaction over H-ZSM-5 is demonstrated to have a distribution much closer to thermodynamic equilibrium than the product, due to strongly different diffusion rates out of the pores. Where equilibria exist within the pores, the effect of diffusion selectivity is to enrich the product mixture in the faster-diffusing product to levels that can be far above equilibrium concentrations. A well-studied example of this is the alkylation of aromatic molecules within zeolites, when the produet stream is enriched to well above equilibrium levels in the faster diffusing para-substituted isomer, which is the most valuable one. 

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