Hydrocarbon water

Hydrocarbon-water contact movement in the reservoir may be determined from the open hole logs of new wells drilled after the beginning of production, or from a thermal decay time (TDT) log run in an existing cased production well. The TDT is able to differentiate between hydrocarbons and saline water by measuring the thermal decay time of neutrons pulsed into the formation from a source in the tool. By running the TDT tool in the same well at intervals of say one or two years (time lapse TDTs), the rate of movement of the hydrocarbon-water contact can be tracked. This is useful in determining the displacement in the reservoir, as well as the encroachment of an aquifer. 

Eq. IV-9 would use the surface tensions that liquids A and B would have if their inter-molecular potentials contained only the same kinds of interactions as those involved between A and B (see Refs. 20, 22-24). For the hydrocarbon-water system, Fowkes [20] assumed that Uh arose solely from dispersion interactions leaving... 

The behavior of insoluble monolayers at the hydrocarbon-water interface has been studied to some extent. In general, a values for straight-chain acids and alcohols are greater at a given film pressure than if spread at the water-air interface. This is perhaps to be expected since the nonpolar phase should tend to reduce the cohesion between the hydrocarbon tails. See Ref. 91 for early reviews. Takenaka [92] has reported polarized resonance Raman spectra for an azo dye monolayer at the CCl4-water interface some conclusions as to orientation were possible. A mean-held theory based on Lennard-Jones potentials has been used to model an amphiphile at an oil-water interface one conclusion was that the depth of the interfacial region can be relatively large [93]. 

Give the probable hydrocarbon/water contact. Give the probable nature of the hydrocarbons and the gas/oil contact. 

Hydrocarbon/water contact at 9750 ft with curve. Oil to 9696 ft. Gas above with neutron density. 

Looking at the curve, where is the hydrocarbon/water contact ... 

Is there a hydrocarbon/water contact Where Which curve(s) will tell us ... 

A strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus produces an unusual polysaccharide called emulsan. It is a complex polymer comprising about 15% fatty acyl esters and 20% protein. This structure enables it to act as an emulsifying agent, stabilising hydrocarbon/water emulsions at very low concentrations (0.1-1.0%). This property,... 

Aughel and coworkers [63] studied the phase behavior of hydrocarbon-water mixtures in the presence of alkyl(aryl)polyoxyethylene carboxylates for enhanced oil recovery and found good salt tolerance with an alkyl ether carboxy-late (C13-C15) with 7 mol EO and a good microemulsion forming effect with the 3 EO type. 

From phase behavior studies of hydrocarbon-water mixtures in the presence of ether carboxylates it was concluded that C13-C15 ether carboxylic acids with 3 and 7 mol EO were more suitable than the nonylphenol ether carboxylates with 5.7 and 10 mol EO and the tridecyl ether carboxylic acids with 6.5 mol EO. However, with the use of cosolvents these types were also acceptable [191]. 

It follows from the second law of thermodynamics that the optimal free energy of a hydrocarbon-water mixture is a function of both maximal enthalpy (from hydrogen bonding) and minimum entropy (maximum degrees of freedom). Thus, nonpolar molecules tend to form droplets with minimal exposed surface area, reducing the number of water molecules affected. For the same reason, in the aqueous environment of the hving cell the hydrophobic portions of biopolymers tend to be buried inside the structure of the molecule, or within a lipid bilayer, minimizing contact with water. 

There are different ways in which the nanoparticles prepared by ME-technique can be used in catalysis. The use of ME per se [16,17] implies the addition of extra components to the catalytic reaction mixture (hydrocarbon, water, surfactant, excess of a metal reducing agent). This leads to a considerable increase of the reaction volume, and a catal5fiic reaction may be affected by the presence of ME via the medium and solubilization effects. The complex composition of ME does not allow performing solvent-free reactions. 

With only few exceptions, most log P programs refer to the octanol-water system. Based on Rekker s fragmental constant approach, a log P calculation for aliphatic hydrocarbon-water partitioning has been reported [96]. Another more recent approach to alkane-water log P and log D is based on the program VolSurf [97]. It is believed that these values may offer a better predictor for uptake in the brain. 

Mannhold, R., Rekker, R. F. The hydrophobic fragmental constant approach for calculating log P in octanol/ water and aliphatic hydrocarbon/water systems. Perspect. Drug Discov. Des. 2000, 18,1-18. 

Seiler, P. Interconversion of lipophilicities from hydrocarbon/water into the octanol/water system. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 1974, 9, 473 79. 

Seiler, P. Interconversion of hpophilidties from hydrocarbon/water... 

Rekker, R. E., Mannhold, R., Bijloo, G., De Vries, G Dross, K. The lipophilic behaviour of organic compounds 2. The development of an aliphatic hydrocarbon/ water fragmental system via interconnection with octanol-water partitioning data. Quant. Struct.-Activ. Rel. 1998, 37, 537-548. 

Seiler P. (1974). Interconversions of lipophilicites from hydrocarbon/water systems in the octanol/water systems. Eur J Med Chem 9 473-479. 

Hashimoto et al. [82] reported the photocatalytic production of hydrogen from aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons using a powdered Pt/Ti02 photocatalyst suspended in deaerated water. The hydrocarbon-water-photocatalyst system was exposed to UV irradiation... 

Goral, M., Maczynski, A., Wioeniewska-Goclowska, B. (2004) Recommended liquid-liquid equilibrium data. Part 2. Unsaturated hydrocarbon-water systems. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 33, 579-591. 

Schantz, M.M., Martire, D.E. (1987) Determination of hydrocarbon-water partition coefficients from chromatographic data and based on solution thermodynamics and theory. J. Chromatogr. 391, 35-51. 

Chen, H., Wagner, J. (1994a) An apparatus and procedure for measuring mutual solubihties of hydrocarbons + water Benzene + water from 303 to 373 K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 39, 470 -74. 

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