Ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons

Good solvent - 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, decalin, halogenated hydrocarbons, aliphatic ketones, xylene (all above 60°C) ... 

Aliphatic alcohols, chloroform, diethyl ether, hydrocarbons, aliphatic ketones, aliphatic esters... 

Deposition Precursors. Diamond has been deposited from a large variety of precursors which include, besides methane, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and solid polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, and halogens. 

Aliphatic ketones can be reduced to hydrocarbons by triethylsilane and gaseous BF3.178 The BF3 is a sufficiently strong Lewis acid to promote formation of a carbocation from the intermediate alcohol. 

In contrast to aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy-atom substitution onto carbonyl and heterocyclic molecules appears to have little effect on radiative and nonradiative intercombinational transitions. Wagner(138) has shown that as determined by the type II photoelimination, aliphatic ketones (n -> it excited states) are not sensitive to external heavy-atom perturbation. As seen previously in our discussion of type II photoelimination, aliphatic ketones undergo this cleavage from both the excited singlet and triplet states (in... 

Abstract The basic principles of the oxidative carbonylation reaction together with its synthetic applications are reviewed. In the first section, an overview of oxidative carbonylation is presented, and the general mechanisms followed by different substrates (alkenes, dienes, allenes, alkynes, ketones, ketenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, amines) leading to a variety of carbonyl compounds are discussed. The second section is focused on processes catalyzed by Pdl2-based systems, and on their ability to promote different kind of oxidative carbonylations under mild conditions to afford important carbonyl derivatives with high selectivity and efficiency. In particular, the recent developments towards the one-step synthesis of new heterocyclic derivatives are described. 

The chemical resistance is generally inferior to that of comparable polyethylenes and decreases when VA rises. EVAs are attacked by concentrated strong acids, halogens, oxidizing acids, chlorinated solvents, certain oxidants, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, esters, and some others. 

Polyamide-imides resist most acid and base solutions at low concentrations, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, greases, oils, gasoline, certain chlorinated hydrocarbons, and ketones. 

Somewhere in the middle of a hydrocarbon chain a double-bonded oxygen replaces the two hydrogens attached to a carbon. Ketones come in many sizes and shapes. The convention for naming them is to refer to the alkyl groups attached to the ketone signature. In Figure 17—1, the three commercially traded aliphatic ketones with the largest volumes are shown acetone, MEK, and MIBK. 

For the reduction of aliphatic ketones to hydrocarbons several methods are available reduction with triethylsilane and boron trifluoride [772], Clemmensen reduction [160, 758] (p. 28), Wolff-Kizhner reduction [280, 281, 759] (p. 34), reduction of p-toluenesulfonylhydrazones with sodium borohydride [785], sodium cyanoborohydride [57i] or borane [786] (p. 134), desulfurization of dithioketals (jaeicaipioles) [799,823] (pp. 130,131) and electroreduction [824]. 

Somewhat less frequent than the reductions of aliphatic ketones to secondary alcohols and to hydrocarbons are one-electron reductions to pinacols. These are accomplished by metals such as sodium, but better still by magnesium or aluminum. Acetone gave 43-50% yield of pinacol on refluxing with magnesium amalgam in benzene [140], and 45% and 51% yields on refluxing in methylene chloride or tetrahydrofuran, respectively [825. ... 

Aliphatic ketones are oxidised in both acetonitrile [1,2] and trifluoracetic acid [3] at potentials less positive than required for the analogous hydrocarbons. The oxidation process is irreversible in both solvents and cyclic voltammetry peak potentials are around 2.7 V V5. see. Loss of an electron from the carbonyl oxygen lone pair is considered to be the first stage in the reaction. In acetonitrile, two competing processes then ensue. Short chain, a-branched ketones cleave the carbon-carbonyl bond to give the more stable carbocation, which is then quenched by reaction with... 

In the wood rosin process, rosin is isolated from aged pine stumps that have been left in fields cleared for farming or lumbering operations. The stumps are cut and shredded to pieces the size of matchsticks. The wood chips are then extracted with an appropriate solvent, eg, aliphatic or aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons or ketones. The extract is fractionally separated into nonvolatile crude rosin, volatile extractibles, and recovered solvent. The dark rosin is usually refined further to lighter-colored products using selective solvents or absorption. 

In the petroleum (qv) industry hydrogen bromide can serve as an alkylation catalyst. It is claimed as a catalyst in the controlled oxidation of aliphatic and alicydic hydrocarbons to ketones, acids, and peroxides (7,8). Applications of HBr with NH4Br (9) or with H2S and HQ (10) as promoters for the dehydrogenation of butene to butadiene have been described, and either HBr or HQ can be used in the vapor-phase ortho methylation of phenol with methanol over alumina (11). Various patents dealing with catalytic activity of HQ also cover the use of HBr. An important reaction of HBr in organic syntheses is the replacement of aliphatic chlorine by bromine in the presence of an aluminum catalyst (12). Small quantities of hydrobromic acid are employed in analytical chemistry. 

The most extensive chain transfer studies are those if Das, Chat-terjee and Palit (50), who studied nearly thirty liquids. These included aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones and halogenated compounds. The monomer itself has a low transfer constant (C=2.6 x 10 s at 60°). Most other liquids are in the range from 1 x 10-4 to 1 X 10-3 but s-butyl alcohol has a transfer constant of 9.7 x 10-3. Ease of transfer to... 

DCA is the first bile acid whose inclusion ability was confirmed in the crystalline state. During the last century many research groups dealt with the inclusion compounds of DCA with various guest molecules, such as aliphatic, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, fatty acids, esters, ethers, nitriles, peroxides and amines, and so on [2], In 1972, Craven and DeTitta first reported the exact crystal structure of DCA with acetic acid [3], Subsequent crystallographic studies made clear that most of DCA inclusion crystals have bilayer... 

Organic electroreductions at mercury cathodes in tetraalkylammonium (TAA+) electrolyte solutions at the limit of the cathodic potential window are described. Aromatic hydrocarbons, fluorides, ethers and heterocycles, as well as aliphatic ketones, alkenes and alkynes have been studied, using both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. At these very negative potentials neither the TAA+ cation nor the mercury cathode are inert, instead they combine to form TAA-mercury. It is hypothesized, and supporting evidence is presented, that TAA-mercury serve as mediators in the organic electroreductions. The mediated reactions show remarkable selectivity in certain cases and it is shown that this selectivity can be improved by the choice of the TAA +. 

Food, flavors consist of numerous compounds, none of which alone is characteristic of specific food. Classes of compounds which emcompass food flavors are - hydrocarbons (aliphatic, ali-cyclic, aromatic) carbonyls (aldehydes, ketones) carboxylic acids, esters, imides, anhydrides alcohols, phenols, ethers alkylamines, alkylimines aliphatic sulfur compounds (thiols, mono-, di- and tri-sulfides) nitrogen heterocyclics (pyrroles, pyrazines, pyridines) sulfur heterocylics (thiophenes, thiazoles, trithiolane, thialidine) and oxygen-heterocyclics (lactone, pyrone, furan). Discussion will be limited to striking developments in heterocyclics. 

The solubility of the polymer in various media is dependent on the nature of its vinyl groups. Polyvinylmethyl ether dissolves in aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, alcohols, and cold water. However, polyvinylbutylether is soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons but not in water, methanol and ethanol. Polyvinyloctadecyl ether possesses a wax-like consistency. The polymers can be mixed with one another as well as with many natural resins and plastics. 

Water absorption is less than 0.1wt% after 24 hours. However, PBT is not recommended for extended use in water or aqueous solutions above 52C (125F).112 PBT plastics are also intrinsically resistant to detergents, weak acids and bases, aliphatic hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethylene glycol, carbon tetrachloride, oils, and fats at room temperature. They also exhibit good resistance to motor oil, gasoline, transmission fluids, and brake fluids at temperatures to 60C (HOF).113... 

Polypropylene Glycol occurs as a clear, colorless or practically colorless, viscous liquid. It is an addition polymer of propylene glycol and water represented by the formula HOlC HgO),-C3H6OH, in which n represents the average number of oxypro-pylene groups. It is soluble in water and in such organic solvents as aliphatic ketones and alcohols, but it is insoluble in ether and in most aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Use aromatic hydrocarbon solution and a lower aliphatic ketone (CAUTION)... 

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