Fluid transmission

C. Cleary and co-workers. Hydraulic characteristics of ice slurry and chilled waterflow. Advanced Energy Transmission Fluids—Einal Report of Research, lEA District Heating, 1990. 

The most common VI improvers are methacrylate polymers and copolymers, acrylate polymers (see Acrylic ester polymers), olefin polymers and copolymers, and styrene—butadiene copolymers. The degree of VI improvement from these materials is a function of the molecular weight distribution of the polymer. VI improvers are used in engine oils, automatic transmission fluids, multipurpose tractor fluids, hydrautic fluids, and gear lubricants. Their use permits the formulation of products that provide satisfactory lubrication over a much wider temperature range than is possible using mineral oils alone. 

Alkylated aromatics are used as the base fluid ia engine oils, gear oils, hydrauHc fluids, and greases ia sub2ero appHcations. They also are used as the base fluid ia power transmission fluids and gas turbine, air compressor, and refrigeration compressor lubricants. 

C. L. Middleton, R. R. McCoy, and J. M. Stanck, Modem Hydraulic and Hydrostatic Transmission Fluids, Automotive Engineering Congress, SAE, Detroit, Mich., 1970. 

Eig. 12. Effect of frictioa modifier ia automatic transmission fluid (21). 

Fuels, Lubricants, and Transmission Fluids. Polyol esters of neopentanoic acid have been used as high vacuum pumping hquids that are stable in chemically aggressive environments (70). Esters such as 6- -ani1inophenoxy)hexy1 pivalate are used as antioxidants for synthetic ester lubricants (71). PivaUc anhydride [1538-75-6] has been claimed as an antiknock additive for gasoline (72). 

Explosible dusts can also be changed into mixtures which are no longer explosible by the addition of inert dusts (e.g., rock salt, sodium sulrate). In general, inert dust additions of more than 50 wt % are necessary here. It is also possible to replace flammable solvents and cleaning agents by nonflammable halogenated hydrocarbons or water, or flammable pressure transmission fluids by halocarbon oils. 

The lip seal, or oil. seal, used on modern centrifugal pumps is borrowed from the automotive industry. The lip seal was born with the invention of the automobile transmission and the universal joint in the early days of the family ear. It would effectively retain the transmission fluid and U-joint grea.se on jalopies with rumble seats. It really hasn t changed much in design since the 1920s. 

The excellent chemical resistance of Aflas has led to important applications in oilfields and, more recently, in the car industry in place of FKM rubbers because of the better resistance to new types of engine oils, transmission fluids, gear lubricants and engine coolants. 

In 1991 MMM announced Fluorel II, a terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride and propylene. As might be expected from the structure, this is intermediate between FKM and Aflas, having better resistance to many newer automotive oils, lubricants and transmission fluids than the former but better heat resistance than the latter. 

Cutting oil, motor oil, lubricating oil or transmission fluid should be reported as petroleum oil. 

Tourret, R., Wright, E. P., (Ed.) Performance and Testing of Gear Oils and Transmission Fluids, Institute of Petroleum, London (1981)... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. Lipoid pneumonia with marked interstitial pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis was observed in a child accidentally ingesting a lethal dose of automotive transmission fluid (Perrot and Palmer 1992). Although the exact composition of the hydraulic fluid was not reported, it is assumed to be a mineral oil hydraulic fluid because automotive transmission fluids typically contain... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. There is a paucity of data on respiratory effects following inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids. The only available information for humans comes from a case report of a child ingesting a lethal dose of an automotive transmission fluid, which was most likely a mineral oil hydraulic fluid. Lipoid pneumonia with marked fibrosis was observed (Perrot and Palmer... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. There is limited information on the toxicity of mineral oil hydraulic fluids in humans. A single case report of a child accidentally ingesting a single dose of automotive transmission fluid provides limited information on death and systemic effects. A case-control study provides some information on the carcinogenicity of mineral oil hydraulic fluids. The study population was exposed via inhalation and dermal routes. An occupational exposure study provides information on neurotoxicity following chronic dermal exposure. Information on the toxicity of mineral oil hydraulic fluids is limited to a series of inhalation, oral, and dermal acute-duration exposures. These studies provide information on death, systemic effects, and neurotoxicity by inhalation, oral, and dermal routes, and immunotoxicity following dermal exposure. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. There is limited information on the acute toxicity of mineral oil hydraulic fluids to humans. A single case report of a child accidentally ingesting automotive transmission fluid reported respiratory and gastrointestinal effects (Perrot and Palmer 1992). 

No information concerning the specific production volumes of mineral oil hydraulic fluids was found in the available literature. The National Petroleum Refiners Association (NPRA 1992) reported that 192 million gallons of automatic transmission fluids, universal tractor hydraulic/transmission fluids, energy/ shock absorber and power steering fluids, and other automotive hydraulic fluids were sold in 1991. Virtually all of these fluids are mineral oil hydraulic fluids (Chrisope and Landry 1993 Papay 1989, 1991 Wills 1980). This volume is lower than sales volumes for 1990 (216 million gallons), 1989 (221 million... 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. No information identifying the major components of mineral oil or water-in-oil hydraulic fluids was located in the available literature, nor was any information located that described how the emulsifiers and other components in water-in-oil emulsion hydraulic fluids alter the environmental properties of the mineral oils contained in them. The carbon number range present in mineral oil hydraulic fluids probably is from C15 to C50 (IARC 1984 Shubkin 1993 Wills 1980). If automatic transmission fluids are typical of the mineral oil content in a hydraulic fluid, then mineral oil hydraulic fluids contain -90% mineral oil (Abdul et al. 1990 Papay 1989,1991). Therefore, the transport and partitioning of these hydrocarbons will largely account for the environmental behavior of mineral oil hydraulic fluids. Typical transport and partitioning information for hydrocarbons in this range is presented below this information is indicative of the transport and partitioning of mineral oils present in hydraulic fluids. 

Abdul et al. (1990) reported that upper layers of soil were saturated with automatic transmission fluid (ATF) after a storage tank leaked 208,000 gallons onto the surrounding soil. Lower soil layers contained less ATF volumetric ATF concentrations ranged from <10% to 40% at 80-0 cm above the ATF table. 

Abdul AS, Gibson TL, Kia SF. 1990. Contamination of soil and groundwater by automatic transmission fluid Site description and problem assessment. J Hydrol 121 133-153. 

Chrisope DR, Landry JF. 1993. Automatic transmission fluid. In Shubkin RL, ed. Synthetic Lubricants and High Performance Functional Fluids. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc., 351-364. 

Papay AG. 1989. Automatic-transmission fluids Dexron II and beyond. Lubrication Engineering 45 121-128. 

PapayAG. 1991. Formulating automatic-transmission fluids. Lubrication Engineering 47 271-275. 

Perrot LJ, Palmer H. 1992. Fatal hydrocarbon lipoid pneumonia and pneumonitis secondary to automatic transmission fluid ingestion. J Forensic Sci 37 1422-1427. 

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