Hydrocarbon pumping

Information about the current generated and the resistivity of the particular hydrocarbon pumped is essential in order to calculate the voltage difference. This subsequently shows us whether the danger exists of selfignition or explosion in any particular case. 

Areas associated with hydrocarbon pumps bordered by three walls (where the walls are 1 meter (3 ft) high or >)... 

The upper hydrocarbon pump is switched on and off by a product probe, which measures the resistivity of fluids adjacent to the intake of the hydrocarbon pump. When the product probe senses the higher-resistivity hydrocarbon, it switches on the product pump, which removes the accumulated LNAPL. The water level in the well rises in response to the removal of overlying product. As soon as the water reaches the product probe, the probe shuts down the hydrocarbon pump until the probe again senses that a sufficient quantity of free hydrocarbon has accumulated within the well. The well continues to cycle in this manner as long as free hydrocarbon is entering the well. 

Dry chemical extinguishers should be located on elevated main platforms with stairway access and on air cooler platforms. When determining the proper location for extinguishers, consideration should be given to hydrocarbon pump and compressor areas, hot-oil areas, or similar potential hazards, as well as access to the extinguisher from control rooms or battery limits. Extinguishers should be located so that one can be reached without traveling more than 50 ft (15 m) to any hazard. 

The six major categories of diffusion pump fluids are explained in Table 7.9 (based on information from Laurenson32). Diffusion pump oils, like mechanical pump oils, need to be protected to maintain their properties. Sudden exposure to the atmosphere can destroy hot hydrocarbon pump oils (or even cause them to flash or explode) and damage others oils. Silicone oils, on the other hand, can easily survive contact with oxygen while hot, but their vapors can damage electronic equipment. Occasionally, undesirable vapors can speed the disintegration process of diffusion pump oils. 

Figure 5.5 A schematic of the Costain nitrogen removal process. I) heat exchanger, 2) heat exchanger (subcooling), 3) subcooler by low pressure nitrogen, 4) low pressure column, 5) condenser/reboiler, 6) high pressure distillation column, 7) hydrocarbon pump. Source [11].

In the Piper Alpha Enquiry [1], Cullen reviewed evidence from survivors and experts and tried to reconstruct events. This was difficult because many of the people most directly involved in events had died. Cullen concluded that the most likely cause of the explosions and fire was because a member of the nightshift operations team, George Vernon, had started up a condensate (light hydrocarbon) pump, here called pump A, when it was still under maintenance with an outstanding Permit to Work, and was therefore not in a safe condition. George Vernon died in the accident. 

A maintenance technician should be able to recollect all key safety actions required in the isolation of a hydrocarbon pump, its dismantling, and its... 

Currently, the largest source of energy that is used in the anthrosphere consists of hydrocarbon liquids, the majority of which are composed of hydrocarbons pumped from the ground as liquid petroleum. An increasing share of these liquids now comes from heavy oil and bitumen, which, in... 

Surface effects in ion/surface collision processes are very prominent and continue to be actively investigated. For example, surfaces covered with hydrocarbon pump oil were found to be more effective in reducing neutralization (or increasing secondary ion yield, that is, the ratio of the total secondary ion current to the primary ion current measured at the surface) than clean metal surfaces. In addition, it was also found that the organic nature of the surface affected the energetics of the ion/ surface collision, especially the T->V conversion efficiency. 

Pumping pure oxygen using hydrocarbon pump oils in mechanical pumps can lead to... 

Place a mixture of 1 0 g. of the hydrocarbon, 10 ml. of dry methylene chloride or ethylene dichloride or syw.-tetrachloroethane, 2 5 g. of powdered anhydrous aluminium chloride and 1-2 g. of pure phthalic anhydride in a 50 ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with a short reflux condenser. Heat on a water bath for 30 minutes (or until no more hydrogen chloride fumes are evolved), and then cool in ice. Add 10 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid cautiously and shake the flask gently for 5 min utes. Filter oflf the solid at the pump and wash it with 10-15 ml. of cold water. Boil the resulting crude aroylbenzoic acid with 10 ml. of 2 -5N sodium carbonate solution and 0 2 g. of decolourising carbon for 5 minutes, and filter the hot solution. Cool, add about 10 g. of crushed ice and acidify... 

Du Pont called this new lubricant material Krytox (64,65) and initially it had such extraordinary properties that it sold for 200/kg ( 187kg ca 1993). Krytox was and is used ia most of the vacuum pumps and diffusion oil pumps for the microelectronics iadustry ia this country and ia Japan because it produces no hydrocarbon (or fluorocarbon) vapor contamination. It has also found important appHcations ia the lubrication of computer tapes and ia other data processiag appHcations as weU as military and space appHcations. 

Halogenated hydrocarbons that are inexpensive sometimes are used alone or in blends with phosphate esters as fire-resistant hydrauHc fluids. Other halogenated fluids are used for oxygen-compressor lubricants, lubricants for vacuum pumps that are in contact with corrosive materials, solvent-resistant lubricants, and other lubricant appHcations where highly corrosive or reactive materials are being handled. 

The primary sources of contamination in ion implantation come from metal atoms that may be etched off reactor fixtures, such as reactor wads, wafer holder, cHps, and so on. The pump oils used by the vacuum pumps may be a source of hydrocarbon contamination. The dopant sources themselves are not a significant source of contamination because unwanted ions are separated out from the beam during beam analysis. 

Control Room. The control room location can be critical to the efficient operation of a faciHty. One prime concern is to locate it the maximum distance from the most ha2ardous units. These units are usually the units where LPG or other flammables, eg, hydrocarbons that are heavier than air, can be released and accumulate at grade level. Deadly explosions can occur if a pump seal on a light-ends system fails and the heavier-than-air hydrocarbons coUect and are ignited by a flammable source. Also, the sulfur recovery unit area should be kept at a healthy distance away as an upset can cause deadly fumes to accumulate. 

Sodium is commonly shipped in 36- to 70-t tank cars in the United States. Smaller amounts are shipped in 16-t tank tmcks or ISO-tanks. Sodium is also available in 104- and 190-kg dmms, and in bricks (0.5—5 kg). A thin layer of oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate is usually present. Sodium is also marketed in small lots as a dispersion in an inert hydrocarbon, or produced in-process via high pressure injection into a pumped stream of inert carrier fluid, such as toluene or mineral oil. 

Petroleum, and the equivalent term cmde oil, cover a vast assortment of materials consisting of gaseous, Hquid, and soHd hydrocarbon-type chemical compounds that occur in sedimentary deposits throughout the world (3). When petroleum occurs in a reservoir that allows the cmde material to be recovered by pumping operations as a free-flowing dark- to light-colored Hquid, it is often referred to as conventional petroleum. 

Enhanced Oil Recovery. A hydrocarbon solution of TYZOR TPT, TYZOR TBT, or TYZOR TOT can be pumped into the porous zones of an oil-bearing formation upon contact with water, an amorphous, gelatinous plug is formed, which allows water to be diverted to less porous... 

Feedstocks. Feedstocks are viscous aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of branched polynuclear aromatics with smaller quantities of paraffins and unsaturates. Preferred feedstocks are high in aromaticity, free of coke and other gritty materials, and contain low concentrations of asphaltenes, sulfur, and alkah metals. Other limitations are the quantities available on a long-term basis, uniformity, ease of transportation, and cost. The abiUty to handle such oils in tanks, pumps, transfer lines, and spray nozzles are also primary requirements. 

Vapor Pressure. The Shiley Infusaid implantable infusion pump utilizes energy stored in a two-phase fluorinated hydrocarbon fluid. The pump consists of a refillable chamber that holds the dmg and a chamber that holds the fluid. The equiUbrium vapor pressure of the fluid, a constant 60 kPa (450 mm Hg), compresses the bellows, pumping the dmg through a bacterial filter, a capillary flow restrictor, and an infusion cannula to the target body site (56,116). 

Oxidation Catalyst. An oxidation catalyst requires air to oxidize unbumed hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Air is provided with an engine driven air pump or with a pulse air device. Oxidation catalysts were used in 1975 through 1981 models but thereafter declined in popularity. Oxidation catalysts may be used in the future for lean bum engines and two-stroke engines. 

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