Equivalency terms

Petroleum, and the equivalent term cmde oil, cover a vast assortment of materials consisting of gaseous, Hquid, and soHd hydrocarbon-type chemical compounds that occur in sedimentary deposits throughout the world (3). When petroleum occurs in a reservoir that allows the cmde material to be recovered by pumping operations as a free-flowing dark- to light-colored Hquid, it is often referred to as conventional petroleum. 

Respiratory protective devices - Classification superseded BS 6928 1988 Respiratory protective devices - List of equivalent terms. Supersedes BS 6930 1988 Respiratory protective devices - Full face masks - Requirements, testing, marking. Supersedes BS EN 136-10 1992 and BS 7355 1990... 

Having met Joule for the first time at the 1847 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Oxford, Thomson initially accepted that Joule s experiments had shown that work converted into heat. Committed to Carnot s theory of the production of work from a fall of heat, however, he could not accept the converse proposition that work had been converted into heat could simply be recovered as useful work. Therefore, he could not agree to Joule s claim for mutual convertibility. By 1848 he had appropriated from the lectures of the late Thomas Young (reprinted in the mid-1840s) the term energy as a synonym for vis viva (the term in use at the time, traditionally measured as mtc) and its equivalent terms such as work, but as yet the term appeared only in a footnote. 

The specific rate of adsorption (in the thermal desorption method, the equivalent term readsorption is used frequently) for the considered model of a homogeneous surface is given by... 

The efficiency of a plate can be predicted with more certainty than the equivalent term for packing (HETP or HTU). 

PET is the maximum ET that can result from a set of climatic conditions. It is limited by the amount of energy available to evaporate water. The equivalent term reference crop evaporation is used by research workers who investigate the physics of ET. For the purposes of plant growth and production, PET is defined as the amount of water that would return to the atmosphere if abundant, freely transpiring plant leaves are available, and the water supply to the plants is abundant and unrestricted. The magnitude of PET is useful for preliminary planning to identify the maximum possible performance that might be expected from an ET cover. 

Instead of AH-pyran-4-one the simpler, equivalent term y-pyrone will be used throughout this article. 

The terminology used in this research area is not well established in the chemical community while the term pheromone is widely known, semio-chemical is not. Nevertheless, chemicals used in the communication between individuals are correctly called semiochemicals recently the equivalent term infochemicals was introduced. These compounds can be further divided into pheromones, compounds used in communication between individuals of the same species, while allelochemicals serve interspecific communication. Most pheromones are releasers, i.e. they provoke a behavioral change in the receiver. More rare are primers, which provoke physiological changes. Allelochemicals can be divided into kairomones, which are advantageous for the receiver, while the emitter benefits from allomones. Synomones are advantageous for both the emitter and the receiver. 

Thermochemical threshold, bond strength, bond dissociation energy (BDE) are equivalent terms giving the enthalpy difference (at temperature 7) between parent ion and fragments for the dissociation. 

Many workers use the equivalent term percentage enantiomeric excess rather than optical purity ... 

The first step of the dose-response assessment is the evaluation of the data within the range of observation. If there are sufficient quantitative data and adequate understanding of the carcinogenic process, a biologically based model may be developed to relate dose and response data. Otherwise, as a default procedure, a standard model can be used to curve-fit the data. For each mmor response, a POD from the observed data is estimated to mark the beginning of extrapolation to lower doses. The POD is an estimated dose (expressed in human-equivalent terms) near the lower end of the observed range, without significant extrapolation to lower doses. 

This classification, defined in Table 13 with examples, appears very clear and logical in view of the standard classification of isomers. However, the historical development followed a rather curious course. The term constitutional selectivity, unfortunately a somewhat clumsy word which is rarely used, appeared in the literature as late as 1979 -2. This was after an inspiring, but not completely clear, discourse by Hassner on the almost equivalent term regioselectivity which greatly appealed to chemists and was immediately accepted. It is important to note that the now universally accepted definition of stereoselectivity and its subclasses enantio- and diastercoselectivity did not appear in print until as late as 19714. Before that, the term stereoselectivity apparently had the special meaning of the present term diastereoselectivity5. One consequence of this was discussed in the previous section. Furthermore, in the past, the terms selectivity and specificity were usually coupled. The latter term will be discussed in Section 1.2.3.3, but it is currently regarded with suspicion and best avoided. 

Substituting for Aotj, dAo /dr, 32Aa1/3x2, and the equivalent terms in A gives... 

Most of the techniques necessary have already been introduced in the previous analysis. However, it is necessary to follow the concentration and therefore the singlet and doublet densities of A, AB and also C and CB. These are ff, /f and The collision operator of eqn. (306) is no longer adequate because it describes the collision of A and B to form C and B. An equivalent term for the collision of C and B to give A and B must also be introduced into eqn. (194) for the singlet density of A. These two terms then describe the rate of loss of A by reaction of A with B and the back reaction forming A and B from C and B... 

The jmethod of O Connell is popular because of its simplicity and the fact that predicted values are conservative (low). It expresses the efficiency in terms of the product of viscosity and relative volatility, pa, for fractionators and the equivalent term HP In for absorbers and strippers. The data on which it is based are shown in Figure 13.43. For convenience of use with computer programs, for instance, for the Underwood-Fenske-Gilliland method which is all in terms in equations not graphs, the data have been replotted and fitted with equations by Ncgahban (University of Kansas, 1985). For fractionators,... 

Fluorochrome A fluorochrome is a dye that absorbs light and then emits light of a different color (always of a longer wavelength). Fluorescein, propidium iodide, and phycoerythrin, for example, are three fluorochromes in common use in flow cytometry. Flu-orophore is an equivalent term. 

Question. Write out the equations for the statistical mechanical form, the thermodynamic form, collision theory and the Arrhenius theory. What are the equivalent terms ... 

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