Reviewing the Evidence

Your students have carried out two physical tests (water drop and water mixtures) and four chemical tests (vinegar, iodine, red cabbage juice, and heat) on the unknown solids. In this lesson, they review and analyze all the data they have collected as a result of performing these tests to determine the distinctive properties of each unknown. This process provides students with the information and skills they need to solve the mystery in Lesson 12. 

Throughout this unit, your students have been gathering evidence to solve the mystery of the five unknowns. In this lesson, you will ask students to make individual judgments about which test results reveal important properties of particular unknowns. 

1 science notebook (containing completed copies of Record Sheets 4-A, 7-A, and 9-A) 

Add scissors, construction paper, and glue to the materials center. 

Post the Class Properties Table and How We Are Finding Out about the Unknowns list. 

---

For electrophilic substitutions in general, some form of the S 2 mechanism is now believed to operate. We can now review the evidence concerning the particular case of nitration. 

Gulland and Robinson, having reviewed the evidence available regarding the structure of morphine and codeine, came to the conclusion that the data on which Pschorr s formula was based have been too lightly dismissed, and suggested that the ethanamine chain is associated with the phenanthrene skeleton by the bridge 8—15—13 (a) or 8—15—14 (b), of which they preferred (a). 

GHB treatment in mice, tolerance develops to both the hypolocomotion and cataleptic effects of the drug (Itzhak and Ali 2002). There is also preclinical evidence of cross-tolerance and cross-dependence of GHB with alcohol (Colombo et al. 1995 Fadda et al. 1989). As described in the earlier section on clinical pharmacology, GHB and its analogues have been used in humans in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Nicholson and Balster (2001) reviewed the evidence for cross-tolerance and cross-dependence of GHB with alcohol. 

Johnstone, R. A. 1995. Sexual selection, honest advertisement and the handicap principle Reviewing the evidence. Biol. Rev. 70 1-65. 

It is also believed by some workers that the ability to utilize certain fats may be related to the type of carbohydrate that is present in the diet. In the present review, the evidence concerning these various relationships will be presented. 

Lewy bodies, neurofibrillary lesions and Pick bodies are intracellular filamentous inclusions. It is now well established that Lewy bodies are made of the protein a-synuclein and both neurofibrillary lesions and Pick bodies of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Mutations in the a-synuclein gene or an increase in its copy number cause autosomal-dominantly inherited forms of Parkinson s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Mutations in the tau gene cause a familial form of frontotemporal dementia. Here we review the evidence implicating a-synuclein and tau in these inherited and a number of sporadic neurodegenerative diseases. Collectively, a-synucleinopathies and tauopathies account for the vast majority of cases of late-onset neurodegenerative disease (Tables 45-1 and 45-2). 

A very careful analysis of the pseudophase ion-exchange model has been given by Romsted who reviewed the evidence up to 1982 and considered the limitations of the treatment (Romsted, 1984). 

The availability of rodent models of nicotine physical dependence and abstinence has made it possible to identify several anatomical regions that play a critical role in these phenomena. In reviewing the evidence, the multidimensional nature of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome should be considered, raising the possibility that different withdrawal signs and symptoms might be attributable to events in different anatomical regions. Table 2 summarizes a number of representative studies. There is some overlap with Table 3 on neurochemical mechanisms, since many studies cited there are studies of regional neurochemistry. 

Koella has reviewed the evidence implicating the involvement of serotonin in the sleep-wake cycle but the involvement of specific serotonin receptor subtypes in sleep mechanisms is unclear. Experimental evidence suggests that 5-HTia agonists delay the onset of REM sleep while 5-HT2 antagonists suppress REM and have variable effects on non-REM sleep. 

There should be an expert body to review the evidence and offer advice on the toxicity of new drugs, whether manufactured in Great Britain or abroad, before they were used in clinical trials. 

These two main review Committees had their own dedicated professional secretariat with a remit to review the evidence of safety, quality and efficacy of all 39 035 PLRs. Of these some 6000 PLRs related to homeopathic or blood products, vaccines, toxins, sera and radiopharmaceuticals that were excluded from review requirements since these were excluded from Directives EEC/65/65, 75/318 and 75/319 as they stood in 1976. Subsequently, however, the Extension Directive brought even these products within the scope of review. 

Haines, M. L., Anderson, R. P., and Gibson, P. R. (2008). Systematic review The evidence base for long-term management of coeliac disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 28, 1042-1066. 

Considerable effort over the years has been expended to identify specific neurotransmitter systems that might mediate the therapeutic action of lithium in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. As we critically review the evidence from these studies, it will be evident that lithium can affect a variety of neurotransmitter systems, but these effects may be secondary to more fundamental modulation of signal transduction responsible for regulating the balance of signaling in critical regions of the brain. 

This review emphasizes an intriguing and potentially useful aspect of the polymerization of lipid assemblies, i.e. polymerization and domain formation within an ensemble of molecules that is usually composed of more than one amphiphile. General aspects of domain formation in binary lipid mixtures and the polymerization of lipid bilayers are discussed in Sects. 1.1 and 1.2, respectively. More detailed reviews of these topics are available as noted. The mutual interactions of lipid domains and lipid polymerization are described in the subsequent sections. Given the proper circumstances the polymerization of lipid monolayers or bilayers can lock in the phase separation of lipids, i.e. pre-existing lipid domains within the ensemble as described in Sect. 2. Section 3 reviews the evidence for the polymerization-initiated phase separation of polymeric domains from the unpolymerized lipids. 

Despite its plausibility and the apparent absence of driving forces to produce other large scale arrangements, the random coil configuration has been questioned on various grounds. It seems worthwhile to review the evidence at this point, since most molecular theories for amorphous polymers are based on the random coil picture. 

From studies at acid pH, Scheraga concluded that each of the abnormal tyrosine residues was close to a carboxyl group 298, 299). The identification of the residue pairs was approached through an extensive comparison of derivatives of the enzyme. Reviewing the evidence, Li et al. 300) suggested the following pairs Asp 14-Tyr 25, Asp 38-Tyr 92, and Asp 83-Tyr 97. 

Wakil, S. J., Fatty acid synthase, a proficient multifunctional enzyme. Biochemistry 28 4523, 1989. Reviews the evidence for the current model of the mammalian fatty acid synthase as depicted in figure 18.14. 

This section reviews the evidence for the wave nature of light and of X-rays, and then puts these two forms of radiation into the context of electromagnetic radiation in general. 

In spite of the apparent extreme diversity of the / -(l- 4) glycans— from crystalline cellulose to components of bacterial cell walls—the similarity of the environments around their / -(1— 4) glycosidic linkage raises the question of a common catalytic site structure in the various / -(l- 4) glycoside hydrolases. This chapter will review the evidence for and against a general lysozyme type mechanism. 

Accurate assessment of neurobehavioral performance capability during sleep deprivation protocols requires cognitive performance assays to be (a) indicative of a fundamental aspect of waking cognitive function (b) easily performed (c) minimally affected by aptitude and learning (d) as brief as possible (e) valid and reliable (f) sensitive and (g) able to provide meaningful outcome variables that can be easily interpreted. In this chapter we have reviewed the evidence that the psychomotor vigilance task meets these requirements. 

This chapter will review all of the behavioral and environmental interventions that may act as countermeasures to the disruptive effects of sleep loss on waking function. The literature addressing this question is very limited, not well organized, and quite diverse. Many questions remain unanswered. Before reviewing the evidence regarding countermeasures, we will provide a conceptual analysis of the issues surrounding them. 

Sleep disorders are definitively part of the clinical picture in schizophrenia. Due to the lack of space, EEG studies, dream studies and correlative studies have not been reviewed. The evidence is clear that clinical status [20] and daytime cognitive performance [21] covary with sleep in schizophrenia. Future studies should include these issues in their protocol strategies. 

---