Immune response primary

Forster R, Schubel A, Breitfeld D, et al. CCR7 coordinates the primary immune response by establishing functional microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs. Cell 1999 99 23-33. 

Kapp JA, Honjo K, Kapp LM, Xu X, Cozier A, Bucy RP TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells activated in the presence of TGF-fi express FoxP3 and mediate hnked suppression of primary immune responses and cardiac allograft rejection. Int Immunol 2006 18 1549-1562. 

Fortunately for the potential of immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of homograft rejection, they have much less effect on a secondary than on a primary immune response, althougli they are useful in the treatment of a number of autoimmune diseases such as psoriases, and undesirable effects have been reported [375]. 

IgM may be regarded as the most primitive of the immunoglobulins. It is the first antibody produced in response to an antigen in the primary immune response. In human gestation it is the first Ig to be produced in the fetus in response to infection, e.g., syphilis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and rubella in some of the lower vertebrates it is the only immunoglobulin as yet detected. 

Michael TH, Murray C. 1970. The effects of a blockading agent on the primary immune response. J Immunol 105 411-415. 

Corticosteroids suppress both humoral and cellular immunity. Single doses produce a redistribution of lymphocytes with a concentration dependent decrease of CD4 and CDS positive cells. This in vivo lymphopenic effect correlates with the in vitro inhibition of stimulated T-cell proliferation. Furthermore, corticosteroids are able to inhibit the expression of genes coding for IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, interferon a, and tumor necrosis factor, TNE-a. Chronic administration decreases the size and also the cellu-larity of lymphoid tissues like lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. Corticosteroids have more effect on the primary immune response and are less effective against previously sensitized immune responses. Their suppressive effects are more pronounced for T-cell immune responses than for the humoral immune response. 

Papadimitriou. Effects of tobacco smoke exposure on splenic architecture and weight, during the primary immune response of BALB/c mice. J Pathol 1981 133(1) 53-59. 

Most of the affinities of Fabs or scFvs isolated from combinatorial libraries have affinities similar to those of antibodies found in the primary immune response in vivo (Kd 10-6—10 7M), but in vivo, these affinities are improved during affinity... 

Harish A, Hohana G, Fishman P, Amon O, Bar-Yehuda S (2003) A adenosine receptor agonist potentiates natural killer cell activity. Int J Oncol 23(4) 1245-1249 Hart DN (1997) Dendritic cells unique leukocyte populations which control the primary immune response. Blood 90(9) 3245-3287... 

Hart DN. 1997. Dendritic cells Unique leukocyte populations which control the primary immune response. Blood. 90 3245-3287. 

Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Soudeyns H, Graziosi C, et al. 1994. Major expansion of CD8+ T Cells with a predominant V beta usage during the primary immune response to HIV. Nature. 370 463-467. 

B cells recognize native or denatured forms of proteins or carbohydrates in soluble, particulate, or cell-bound form. Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies, soluble proteins known as immunoglobulins (Ig), that circulate freely and react specifically with the invoking antigen. There are several classes (called isotypes) of Ig molecules—IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD. IgM is the predominant antibody in the primary immune response (following initial exposure to an antigen). IgG usually appears later, following a primary infection, but is the predominant antibody... 

Previous attempts to measure immune function of human cells following PBMC engraftment of immunodeficient mice have been met with limited success (34). The lack of a vigorous primary immune response mediated by human PBMC engrafted into earlier humanized mouse models was associated with host murine NK cell activity and other innate immune function as well as an overwhelming xenogeneic GVHD response of the... 

H2. Han, S., Zheng, B., Dao Porto, J., and Kelsoe, G., In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl IV-affinity-dependent, antigen driven B cell apoptosis in germinal centers as a mechanism for maintaining self-tolerance. J. Exp. Med. 182, 1635-1644 (1995). 

Hoffman et al.52, presented evidence that a single oral dose of tilorone enhanced the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice as measured by the Jerne Plaque technique. They also reported an increase in hemolysin titer after tilorone administration. To further evaluate the action of tilorone on humoral antibody responses, Megel ef a/.3 have studied its effect on 19S and 7S production in the primary and secondary immune responses in mice. It was found that tilorone elevated 19S antibody titer on days 3 and 4 after immunization. After 9 days of continuous drug administration, the 19 S response for both groups was diminished compared to days 3 and 4 however tilorone was found to cause a significant increase in the 7S antibody production compared to controls. Tilorone also stimulated the 19S response to E. coli endotoxin, a thymus-independent antigen, on days 3 and 4 after immunization. 

IgM is the dominant antibody produced in primary immune responses, while IgG dominates in secondary immune responses. IgM is physically much larger than the other immunoglobulins. 

The primary immune response is characterized by the appearance, within a few days of 19 S (IgM) antibodies. This is followed by a decline in 19 S levels and a rise in 7 S (IgG) antibody levels, which in general is dose dependent for example, a good immunogen given in very low doses elicits little 7 S antibody, whereas in high doses quite significant amounts are formed. This phenomenon is nicely illustrated in the work of Uhr and Fin-... 

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