Hormone interrelationships

It is well established that many animal tissues can oxidize ketone bodies (Snapper and Grunbaum, 1927 Wick and Drury, 1941 Williamson and Krebs, 1961), and this has led to the concept that it is a physiological function of ketone bodies to serve as a fuel of respiration when carbohydrate is in short supply (Krebs, 1961). Experiments have shown that increased production of ketone bodies is closely matched by increased utilization (Bates et al., 1968). These authors suggest the sequence of events leading to "physiological ketosis" as a consequence of hormonal interrelationships a low blood sugar concentration causes an increase in adipose tissue lipolysis and a rise in the concentration of free fatty acids in the plasma. This in turn results in an increased rate of ketogenesis in the liver, which is followed by a rise in blood ketone-body concentrations, and an increased rate of peripheral utilization. 

Another hormonal interrelationship exists between epinephrine and thyroid hormone. Tissues of rats treated with propylthiouracyl released very little fatty acids and did not respond to the addition of epinephrine. Conversely, in tissues of rats treated with triiodothyronine both basal release and response to epinephrine were exaggerated (Debons and Schwartz 1961 Deykin and Vaughan 1963). Release of free fatty acids by adipose tissue from rats treated with triiodothyronine or propylthiouracyl showed that the greater accumulation of fatty acids in the medium of tissues from triiodothyronine treated rats was at the expense of preformed tissue free fatty acids. The rates of both lipolysis and esterification were greater in these tissues so that no net change in total free fatty acids took place. However, the lipolytic system in tissues treated with triiodothyronine showed greater than normal response to epinephrine. 

R. S. Flueck, J. A. "The Interrelationships Between Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone in Disorders of Mineral Metabolism in Man" (Proceedings of 2nd Vitamin D Symposium), Weisbaden, West Germany, Oct., 1974, In Press. 

Figure 11.10 Interrelationships between various hormones regulating reproductive function in the male and female. Particular emphasis is placed upon the regulatory effect many have on the production levels of additional reproductive hormones...

Wingfield, J. C., Jacobs, J., and Hillgarth, N. 1996. Ecological constraints and the evolution of hormone-behavior interrelationships. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, in press. 

Hormone Common names, (synonyms). Structure and production. site Principal physiological functions Interrelationships with vitamins... 

Salicylic acid at 25 pM strongly inhibited ethylene formation from ACC in cell suspension cultures, and a number of other benzoic acid derivatives suppress ethylene production at higher concentrations.44 The complex interrelationship of phenolic acids with phytohormones deserves further investigation. The early stage of seedling growth is very sensitive to phenolic acids, and this is a prime time in hormone-mediated growth responses. 

Scheme for Interrelationship between Ethylene and Other Hormones. From these data and others presented below, one can arrive at a simple scheme for the antagonistic and supportive relationships of these hormones in metabolism. Figure 5 shows hypothetical interconnections between the various hormones as they relate to cell division, growth, development and senescence during the life cycle of a plant or organ. 

Physiological aspects of luteinizing hormone releasing factor and sex steroid actions the interrelationship of agonist and antagonist... 

Coradini D, Pellizzaro C, Veneroni S, Ventura L, Daidone M. Infiltrating ductal and lobular breast carcinomas are characterised by different interrelationships among markers related to angiogenesis and hormone dependence. Br J Cancer 2002 87 1105-1 111. 

Tannenbaum GS, Ling N (1984) The interrelationship of growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor and somatostatin in generation of the ultradian rhythm of GH secretion. Endocrinology 775 1952-1957. 

Wang PS, Huang S-W, Tung Y-F, Pu H-F, Tsai S-C, Lau C-P, Chien EJ, Chien C-H (1994) Interrelationship between thyroxine and estradiol on the secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and dopamine into hypophysial portal blood in ovariectomized-thyroidectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 59 202-207. 

C5. Chipman, J. J., Moore, R. J., Marks, J. F., Fevre, M., Segel, T., et al., Interrelationship of plasma and urinary gonadotropins correlations for 24 hours, for sleep/wake periods, and for 3 hours after luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone stimulation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52, 225-230 (1981). 

It proved difficult to definitively demonstrate CRH synthesis from immune cells, although numerous studies provided evidence this does happen (Aird et al., 1993 Ekman et al., 1993). Eventually it became clear that regulation of CRH synthesis and release in immune cells differs from that in hypothalamic neurons. While immune cells may synthesize and release much smaller concentrations of CRH and other neuroimmune peptides, and although their release may require de novo synthesis, an inherently slow process, the fact that immune cells release these hormones locally in the target area compensates for both of these factors to some extent. These data indicating site and tissue specific effects of CRH, sometimes even contradictory effects, point to the complex interrelationship betw een the nervous, endocrine and immune systems, an interaction that has yet to be deciphered completely. 

A review by Rase . summarizes. studies on the effects of certain hormones on vitamin B(, nutrition in humans, on the biochemical interrelationship between steroid hormones and pyridoxal phasphate-dependent enzymes, and on the role of vitamin B(, in regulating hypothalamus-pituitary functions. Some of these studies have important clinical implications. The use of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives has been investigated as a factor leading to an abnormality of tiyptophan metaboli.sm. This abnormality resembles dietary vitamin B deficiency and responds favorably to treatment with the vitamin. For some time, there has been clinical interest in the relationship between certain hormones and vitamin B function because abnormal urinary excretion of tiyptophan metabolites was observed during pregnancy and in patients with hyperthyroidism. 

Significantly, inflammation and lipid metabolism exhibit close functional interrelationships and are subject to coordinate, reciprocal regulation. PPARy and LXRs have been reported to reciprocally regulate genes involved in both immunity and lipid metabolism [6,90]. While the primary focus of the action of PPARy in inflammation has focused on receptor-mediated inhibition of inflammatory gene expression, there is a reciprocal effect of inflammation on nuclear hormone expression. Feingold and colleagues have extensively examined the inflammation-mediated suppression of PPARy and RXR expression [91]. 

The effects of thyrocalcitonin in reducing the serum levels of calcium and phosphate, and in increasing the output of phosphate in the urine, have not at present been shown to be significantly influenced by any hormone other than parathormone. Milhaud ef al. (M8) found that neither the thyrocalcitonin content of the thyroid gland nor the hypo-calcemic activity brought about by administration of thyrocalcitonin was significantly altered by hypophysectomy. The presence or absence of the thyroid gland, and therefore of thyroid hormone, does not appear to influence the sensitivity of an animal to thyrocalcitonin administration, while the interrelationship, if any, to suprarenal cortical activity does not appear to have been studied as yet. 

Interactions and interrelationships among receptors, their ligands, and transcriptional actions have been described. A few selected examples can be cited. The functional interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with liver-specific transcription factors and the functional synergy of the glucocorticoid receptor with the thyroid hormone receptor have been reported.142 Both thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids are required for optimal induction of several genes, for example, rat phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase... 

The interrelationship among iodine deficiency, selenium deficiency and the activity of thyroid hormones (thyroxine 5 -deiodi-nase-1) was identified in the early 1990 s, when iodine and selenium were found to be necessary for reducing T4 in the cell-active T3 in animals and man (Behne et al. 1988, 1990, Arthur etal. 1990, Arthur 1992, Beckett et al. 1987, 1993, Berry et al. 1991, Larsen and Berry 1995). 

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