Ecological constraints

For example, the EEA (2006) report, How Much Bioenergy Can Europe Produce Without Harming the Environment , gives 235 Mtoe in 2020 for total biomass under the assumption of significant ecological constraints on biomass use. 

Wingfield, J. C., Jacobs, J., and Hillgarth, N. 1996. Ecological constraints and the evolution of hormone-behavior interrelationships. Annals New York Academy of Sciences, in press. 

The ecological constraints, which vary from country to country, are of two main types ... 

The finite resources available to organisms must be allocated to several life processes including growth, reproduction, maintenance, defense, and further resource acquisition. It is often assumed that a resource allocated to one process incurs a cost to the remaining processes because the resource is diverted away from them.7 8 It is also assumed that natural selection acts to optimize the allocation of resources to best suit the life history and environment for a particular organism, of course, within evolutionary and ecological constraints. 

The formation of chlorinated by-products and the processing of aqueous chloride solutions are putting heavy ecological constraints on this technology nowadays. Additionally corrosion problems related to the use of highly acidic solutions have always been a major drawback for the Wacker-Hoechst process. 

Marino, M., Chan, F., Howarth, R. W., Pace, M., and Likens, G. E. (2006). Ecological constraints on planktonic nitrogen fixation in saline estuaries. 1. Nutrient and trophic controls. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 309, 25-39. 

Humans have also expanded the dimensions of their realized niche by managing the intensity of their interactions with other species. Humans control their own competitors, predators, parasites, and diseases, thereby reducing the constraints that these biological stressors exert on the realized, human niche. Humans also manage the ecological constraints of their mutualistic plants and animals such as agricultural cows, pigs, chickens, and plant crops. 

The stress imposed upon the environment results primarily from the fact that the western way of life is dependent on high energy utilization but continued unlimited growth in energy dissipation is incompatible with maintenance of ecological stability and high quality of life. The ecological constraints demand the alteration of human, social, and economic systems toward a stationary state, where resources and materials have to be recycled as much as possible. 

Young, M. D. and Solbrig, O. T. (1993). The World s Savannas Economic Driving Forces, Ecological Constraints and Policy Options for Sustainable Land Use. Parthenon Publishing Group, Carnforth, United Kingdom. 

The evolution of chemical signals for the two surviving species of elephants has been shaped, both during prehistoric eras and recent millennia, by ecological constraints. These factors include climate (both thermal and moisture aspects) and physical environment (Bossert Wilson, 1963 Alberts, 1992). The thermal aspects of climate have influenced the life history, survival, and evolutionary adaptations of elephants (Shoshani ... 

Cairns J Jr (1996) Determining the balance between technological and ecosystem services. In Schulze PC (ed) Engineering within ecological constraints. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 13-30... 

Givnish, T. J. (1980). Ecological constraints of the evolution of breeding systems in seed plants dioecy and dispersal in gymnosperms. Evolution, 34, 959-972. 

Bambach, R.K., Knoll, A.H., and Sepkoski, J.J., Jr. (2002) Anatomical and ecological constraints on Phanerozoic animal diversity in the marine realm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99 6854—6859. 

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