Reciprocal effects

The coefficients, L., are characteristic of the phenomenon of thermal diffusion, i.e. the flow of matter caused by a temperature gradient. In liquids, this is called the Soret effect [12]. A reciprocal effect associated with the coefficient L. is called the Dufour effect [12] and describes heat flow caused by concentration gradients. The... 

Fig, 10. Activation entropy requireinents by reacting position as affected by previous substitutions based on Zavitsas [80], As the activation entropy becomes more negative, steric demands on the transition state are more stringent. The effect of previous or/ho-substitution on reaction at the para position is hard to explain, in light of both the reciprocal effect of para substitution on ortho and the effect seen with the d -oriho pre-substitution. 

A competitive inhibitor and substrate exert reciprocal effects on the concentration of the EI and ES complexes. Since binding substrate removes free enzyme available to combine with inhibitor, increasing the [S] decreases the concentration of the EI complex and raises the reaction velocity. The extent to which [S] must be increased to completely overcome the inhibition depends upon the concentration of inhibitor present, its affinity for the enzyme K-, and the of the enzyme for its substrate. 

IR emission spectroscopy makes use of the reciprocal effect of IR absorption spectroscopy. At temperatures above 0 °K, molecules undergo a number of vibrational, vibrational-rotational or purely rotational movements. The relaxation of these excited states leads to the emission of thermal radiation, primarily in the IR region. 

The dipole moment of phosphabenzene is reinforced by the methyl group shown in (147) and increases it from 1.46 to 1.77 D thus it resembles pyridine, which has the heteroatom at the negative end of the dipole.181 The magnitudes and trends of the dipole moments of the methylphosphines have been investigated by MO studies and the dipoles partitioned into bond moments, bond polarization, and lone-pair moments.182 The reciprocal effects of the double bond and the phosphorus atom in... 

Linked Functions and Reciprocal Effects in Hemoglobin A Second Look Jeffries Wyman, Jr. 

Since there is a reciprocal effect of ha on B, a doublet resonance is expected with spacing... 

Since the effective shear rate in the system is Vh, the reciprocal effective... 

Rea IM, Ross OA, Armstrong M, McNerlan S, Alexander DH, Curran MD, Middleton D. Interleukin-6-gene C/G 174 polymorphism in nonagenarian and octogenarian subjects in the BELFAST study. Reciprocal effects on IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor and for IL-10 in serum and monocyte supernatants. Mech Agein Dev 2003 124 555-561. 

In thermodynamics, this is referred to as a Maxwell equation. This equation is derived later in Section 4.8. Thus the effect of pMg on the binding of hydrogen ions is the same as the effect of pH on the binding of magnesium ions in short, these are reciprocal effects. The bindings of these two ions are referred to as linked functions. Equation 1.3-17 can be confirmed by plotting these two derivatives, and the same plot is obtained in both cases. This would be a lot of work to do by hand, but since Mathematical can take partial derivatives, this can be done readily with a computer. The two plots are identical and are given in Fig. 1.8. 

J. Wyman, Linked functions and reciprocal effects in hemoglobin A second look, Adv. Protein Chem. 19, 223-286 (1964).. 

Y. Saeki, N. Matsumoto, Y. Nakano, M. Mori, K. Awai, and Y. Kaneda. Development and characterization of cationic liposomes conjugated with HVJ (Sendai virus) reciprocal effect of cationic lipid for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer, Hum. Gene Ther. 8 2133-2141 (1997). 

These inequalities are a consequence of the net attractive (21.8a) or repulsive (21.8b) interactions between RNA and cations or anions, respectively. The reciprocal effect of the ions on the RNA activity coefficient is taken up in Section 2.4. 

Samples of coated and uncoated silk fabric were removed at various intervals up to an exposure of 605 kJ at 340 nm. Maximum exposure of coated cloth was 242 kJ (340 nm). In addition, for a fixed total energy of 86 kJ (340 nm), the irradiance was maintained at 0.42 W/m2, 0.35 W/m2, and 0.28 W/m2 to evaluate reciprocity effects. Samples of both types of historic silk were exposed to 100 kJ (340 nm) and 360 kJ (340 nm) to induce additional deterioration. These highly exposed samples were coated with both 1 and 5 im of Parylene-C. 

Lacaille, F Everaerts, C. and Ferveur, J.-F. (2009). Feminization and alteration of Drosophila taste neurons induce reciprocal effects on male avoidance behavior. Behav. Genet., 39, 554-563. 

Most polysaccharides affect the mobility and structuring of water (Blanshard, 1970) beyond the immediate interface (Barfod, 1988) to a thickness of several molecular diameters (Rickayzen, 1989). The reciprocal effect on flowing polysaccharides of surface-water immobilization and structuring is a contribution to distortions from sphericity, and hence to flow birefringence. 

Thus the changes in binding of hydrogen ions and magnesium ions are reciprocal effects. 

The last of these nine Maxwell relations expresses the reciprocal effect between the binding of hydrogen ions and magnesium ions. Some higher partial derivatives can also be calculated. 

Lee, K., Tanaka, M., Hatanaka, M. and Kuze, F. (1987). Reciprocal effects of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor on the anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. Exp. Cell Res. 773, 156-162. 

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