Hypothalamus-pituitary

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis Circadian Rhythms Appetite Control Orexins... 

Prolactin is an essential hormone for normal production of breast milk following childbirth. It also plays a pivotal role in a variety of reproductive functions. Prolactin is regulated primarily by the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and secreted solely by the lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Under normal conditions, secretion of prolactin is predominantly under inhibitory control by dopamine and acts on the D2 receptors located on the lactotroph cells. Increase of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in primary hypothyroidism can stimulate the release of prolactin. 

V2. Vermes, I., Szontagh, L and Telegdy, G., In vitro effects of a synthetic enkephalin analogue (d-Met2, Pro5)-enkephalinamide on the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis function in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 11,201-204(1979). 

Soliman KFA Florida A M University, Tallahassee, FL The effects of lead exposure on hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal gland function (rats) National Institute of General Medical Sciences... 

Sites of production Adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries, placenta Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas Thyroid gland Adrenal medulla... 

In permissiveness, one hormone enhances the responsiveness of the target tissue to a second hormone in other words, the first hormone increases the activity of the second. For example, the normal maturation of the reproductive system requires reproductive hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads as well as the presence of thyroid hormone. Although thyroid hormone by itself has no effect on the reproductive system, if it is absent the development of this system is delayed. Therefore, thyroid hormone is considered to have a permissive effect on the reproductive hormones, facilitating their actions causing sexual maturation. 

Estradiol. The first neuroactive steroid receptor type to be recognized was that for estradiol [3]. In vivo uptake of [3H] estradiol, and binding to cell nuclei isolated from hypothalamus, pituitary and other brain regions, revealed steroid specificity closely resembling that of the uterus, where steroid receptors were first discovered [3]. Cytosolic estrogen receptors isolated from pituitary and brain tissue closely resemble those found in uterus and mammary tissue. A hallmark of the estrogen receptor is its existence... 

The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis as a Model System for the Study of SERM Effects An Overview of Experimental and Clinical Studies... 

Estrogen Feedback Regulation of Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis... 

Effects of SERMs in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis... 

Figure 17.3. The brain in stress (HPA, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axes). Schematic representation of some of the inflammatory response reactions that may even result in cell death as a response to prolonged inflammatory reactions. (See color insert.)...

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