High sodium

Sodium concentration in actual brines is greater than 1000 mg L 1 and varies widely. Concentrations in water greater than 69 mg L 1 can be toxic to crops. Sodium toxicity is closely related to the level of calcium (Ca) in the water or in the soil. If water of high sodium content is applied to a soil, it moves soil calcium to a greater depth. Under low root zone soil calcium levels, sodium can be highly toxic. 

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The high sodium ion concentration results in facile crystallisation of the sodium salt. This process of salting out with common salt may be used for recrystallisation, but sodium benzenesulphonate (and salts of other acids of comparable molecular weight) is so very soluble in water that the solution must be almost saturated with sodium chloride and consequently the product is likely to be contaminated with it. In such a case a pure product may be obtained by crystallisation from, or Soxhlet extraction with, absolute alcohol the sul-phonate is slightly soluble but the inorganic salts are almost insoluble. Very small amounts of sulphones are formed as by-products, but since these are insoluble in water, they separate when the reaction mixture is poured into water ... 

High sodium, raw water, existing 2-bed system, low leakage required... 

Chlorine—hydrogen ha2ards associated with mercury cells result from mercury pump failures heavy-metal impurities, particularly those with very low hydrogen overvoltage, ie. Mo, Cr, W, Ni excessively low pH of feed brine low NaCl concentrations in feed brine and poor decomposer operation, which leads to high sodium amalgam concentrations in the cell. 

Above a pH of about 10 near room temperature, surface alkalinity increases and corrosion rates fall sharply. When sodium-hydroxide concentration rises to several percent, the corrosion rate drops to almost zero. Even at very high sodium-hydroxide concentrations, the corrosion rate increases only slightly. 

This cell reaction necessitates a so-dium-ion-conductive electrolyte. At present, the best and most stable sodium ion conductor is / "-alumina. This electrolyte has sufficient high sodium ion conductivity at temperatures of about 300 °C. The ft"-alumina electrolyte is normally designed as a tube closed at one end with a negative... 

In the Na/S system the sulfur can react with sodium yielding various reaction products, i.e. sodium polysulfides with a composition ranging from Na2S to Na2S5. Because of the violent chemical reaction between sodium and sulfur, the two reactants have to be separated by a solid electrolyte which must be a sodium-ion conductor. / " -Alumina is used at present as the electrolyte material because of its high sodium-ion conductivity. 

Sodium The FW sodium (Na) content is clearly a factor in the formation of sodium hydroxide in BW and an excess may promote various forms of caustic-induced corrosion. Also, high sodium levels may lead to the depassivation of steel surfaces caused by high pH generation, which reduces the corrosion resistance of boiler steel. 

Soil structure. High salt concentrations, and high sodium adsorption ratios in particular, adversely affect the physical properties of the soil (Davidson Quirk, 1961), altering such parameters as particle size and hydraulic conductance. 

Moen, J., Claeson, K., Pienaar, H., Lindell, S., Ploeg, R.J., McAnulty, J.F., Vreugdenhil, P., Southard, J.H. and Belzer, F.O. (1989). Preservation of dog liver, kidney, and pancreas using the Belzer-UW solution with a high-sodium and low potassium content. Transplantation 47, 940-945. 

MRH values for 13 combinations with oxidants are given, many values being high. Sodium acetate, Pyridine... 

A high sodium intake and increased circulating natriuretic hormone inhibition of intracellular sodium transport, resulting in increased vascular reactivity and a rise in BP and / Increased intracellular concentration of calcium, leading to altered vascular smooth muscle function and increased peripheral vascular resistance. 

Salts, in addition to causing the soil to be basic, can have deleterious effects on analytical procedures. For example, significant error can occur if a potassium-selective electrode is used to determine potassium in a high-sodium soil (see Chapter 9). As discussed in Chapter 14, other salts could cause inaccurate results when atomic absorption analysis of a soil extract is carried out. 

Addition of sodium cyanide (5 mmol) and tributyltin (10 pmol) to human erythrocyte suspensions resulted in a synergistic increase in tributyltin-induced hemolysis (Gray et al. 1986). Mechanisms are not clear, but may involve elevated pH of high sodium cyanide concentrations. 

A fiber optic sensor for the determination of sodium was reported by Burgess.<52) A bifurcated fiber with a reference fiber 5 mm apart from the tip was used to observe the changes of bromothymol blue (Amax = 620 nm) attached to Nafion in the presence of sodium ions. As the tip was saturated, the probe was renewed with fresh reagent. However, the epoxy holding the fibers was prone to damage from high sodium concentrations of around 2.5 M and the sensitivity of analysis was low. 

The inorganics analysis given in Table II show that all of the South Australian lignites have high sodium, chlorine and sulphur contents. 

In general the water soluble inorganics consist of predominantly sodium, chlorine and sulphur (as sulphate ion) with lesser amounts of calcium and magnesium. The Bowmans and Lochiel lignites, both from the St. Vincents Basin, have very high sodium, chlorine and sulphur as a consequence of the saline environment in this region. 

Unpleasant taste. Salty or brackish taste is caused by high sodium content. Metallic taste is caused by acidic water (pH 3.0-5.5), and heavy concentration of iron, lead, and copper. 

This reaction is catalyzed by iron, cobalt, and nickel. Rate of reaction depends on temperature and concentration of sodium in hquid ammonia. At a temperature of -41.6°C and high concentration, the solution separates into two hquid phases that consist of a deep blue dilute solution at the bottom that is low in sodium, and a hghter solution of metalhc bronze color on the top with a high sodium. Molten sodium reacts with ammonia gas at 300 to 400°C to form sodium amide. 

No data are as yet available on the effect of length of tail on the emulsion size. As has already been noted (p. 46) fatty acids with short hydrocarbon tails are very water soluble and the sodium soaps soluble to a greater degree, interfacial adsorption is consequently small. Thus the concentration required to produce a saturated film at the oil-water interface will be correspondingly greater. This necessitates a high sodium ion concentration in the... 

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