High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels

Increases in serum lipids and glucose appear to be transient and of little clinical importance. /J- Blockers increase serum triglyceride levels and decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels slightly. /1-Blockers with -blocking properties (carvedilol and labetalol) do not affect serum lipid concentrations. 

The a-blockers have favorable effects (decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels). However, because they do not reduce CV risk as effectively as thiazide diuretics, this benefit is not clinically applicable. 

Clinical findings may include hypertrophied muscles, acne, oily skin, hirsutism in females, gynecomastia in males, and needle punctures. Edema and jaundice may develop in heavy users. Common laboratory abnormalities include elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and depressed high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Liver function test results may be elevated, and luteinizing hormone levels are usually depressed. 

Wang XL, Badenhop R, Humphrey KE, Wilcken DE. New MspI polymorphism at +83 bp of the human apolipoprotein AI gene Association with increased circulating high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Genet Epidemiol. 1996, 13 1-10. 

F20. Franceschini, G., Sirtori, C. R., Capurso, A., Weisgraber, K. H., and Mahley, R. W., A-I Milano apoprotein. Decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with significant lipoprotein modifications and without clinical atherosclerosis in an Italian family. J. Clin. Invest. 66, 892-900 (1980). 

Roeback JR, Hla KM, Chambless LE, et al. 1991. Effects of chromium supplementation on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in men taking beta-blockers A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 115 917-924. 

Topical timolol may alter the plasma lipid profile Timolol maleate adversely affects the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in older white, black, and Japanese patients.There is no evidence, however, that chronic use of topical timolol increases the risk of coronary artery disease. 

Soybean oil contains about 21% of the monounsaturate oleate. Studies have shown that the oxidation rate of oleate is much slower than that of the polyunsam-rates, linoleate and linolenate, which oxidize quickly and are the major contributors to the poor stability of soybean oil (287, 323). A diet high in monounsaturates may help to reduce elevated levels of total plasma cholesterol without reducing the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level (324). Therefore, high-oleate soybean oil is not only more stable than conventional soybean oil (275), but also has enhanced nutritive value. 

Webb, O. L., Laskarewski, P. M., and Glueck, C. J. (1984). Severe depression of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels in weight lifters and bodybuilders by self-administered exogenous testosterone and anabolic androgenic steroids. Metabolism 33,971-975. 

Figure 26-21 Reverse cholesterol transport pathway. HDl High-density lipoproteins LDL, low-density lipoproteins tDL, intermediate-density lipoproteins HTL, hepatic lipoprotein lipase LCAT, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase CETP, cholesteryl ester transfer protein apo E, apoiipoprotein E. Cholesterol is removed from macrophages and other arterial wall cells by an HDL-mediated process. The LCAT esterifies the cholesterol content of HDL to prevent it from reentering the ceils. Cholesterol esters are delivered to the liver by one of three pathways ( ) cholesterol esters are transferred from HDL to LDL by CETP and enter the liver through the specific LDL receptor pathway (2) cholesterol esters are selectively taken from HDL by HDL receptors and HDL particles are returned to circulation for further transport or (3) HDL have accumulated apo E and therefore the particles can enter the liver through remnant receptors, (From Gwynne JT. High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as a marker of reverse cho/estero/ tronsport./ m j Cardiol I989 64 10G-I7G. Copyright 1989, with permission from Excerpta Medico Inc.)...

Bookstein L, Gidding SS, Donovan M, Smith FA. Day-to-day variability of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Impact on the assessment of risk according to the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. Arch Intern Med 1990 150 1653-7. 

GWynne JT. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as a marker of reverse cholesterol transport. 

Besides anti-oxidant activities, hypolipemic activity was observed from tamarind frait extract in hypercholesterolemic hamsters (76). Treatment of hypercholesterolemic hamsters with tamarind fruit pulp extract (5%) led to a decrease in the levels of serum total cholesterol (50%), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (73%) and triglyceride (60%), and to an increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (61%). 

C.R. SiRTORi, G. Gianfranceschi, and M. SiRTORi, et al.. Reduced triglyceridae-mia and increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels after treatment with acipimox, a new inhibitor of lipolysis, Atherosclerosis, 1981, 38, 267—271. 

Deleterious serum lipoprotein changes have also been reported, including decreasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. However, no cases of cardiovascular disease have been reported with testosterone replacement regimens. 

Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM. Targeting residual cardiovascular 73. risk raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Heart 2008 94(6) 706—14. 

Hokanson E, Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high density lipoprotein cholesterol level a metaanalysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovascular Risk. 1996 3 213-219. 

Hooper PL, Visconti L, Garry PJ, et al. 1980. Zinc lowers high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. JAMA 244 1960-1961. 

A large-scale comparative study was undertaken over a 12-month period in groups of women taking tamoxifen alone, HRT alone, or tamoxifen with transdermal HRT to see whether the cardiovascular risk factors (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, platelet eounts) were changed by concurrent use. It was found that the deerease in total and LDL-cholesterol levels due to the tamoxifen was un-ehanged in eurrent HRT users, but reduced by two-thirds in women taking tamoxifen who then started HRT. It would therefore seem important to eheek the outeome of concurrent use. More study is needed. 

Hayek, T., Chajek-Shaul, T., Walsh, A., Agellon, LJ1., Moulin, P., Tall, AR., and Breslow, JL. (1992) An Interaction Between the Human Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) and ApoUpoprotein A-I Genes in Transgenic Mice Results in a Profound CETP-Mediated Depression of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels, 7. Clin. Investig. 90,505-510. 

Sacks, F.M., Hebert, R, Appel, L.J., Borhani,N.O., Applegate, W.B., Cohen, J.D., Cutler, J.A., Kirchner, K.A., KuUer,L.H., and Roth, K.J. (1994) Short Report The Effect of Fish Oil on Blood Pressure and High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Level in Phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, 7. Hypertens. 12,209-213. 

Whitney, E.J., Krasuski, R.A., Personius, B.E., Michalek, J.E., Maranian, A.M., Kolasa, M.W., Monick, E., Brown, B.G., and Gotto, A.M., Jr., 2005. A randomized trial of a strategy for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Eifects on progression of coronary heart disease and clinical events. Annals of Internal Medicine. 142 95-104. 

Kokkinos P, Femhall B. Physical activity and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels What is the relationship Sports Medicine 1999 28 307-314. 

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