Herring salt concentration

Actomyosin denatures also in situ under the influence of hypertonic salt solutions. When cod muscle is immersed in various concentrations of sodium chloride, there is a critical salt content in the fillet (8% to 10% NaCl) at which denaturation occurs together with a rapid loss of water and uptake of salt (Duerr and Dyer, 1952 Fougere, 1952). In herring, however, this critical salt concentration is much lower (3 % NaCl) (Nikkila and Linko, 1954b). The stability of the native configuration appears very variable, but we are unable to explain such differences. The need for a better knowledge of the protein itself is clearly stressed by these researches. Let us now consider the recent progress made in this direction. 

After change of character of influence PhOC on mechanical properties the block-copolyesters was considered at transition from phosphinic acids to its salts, changing it the quantity phosphinate groups in a molecule of derivative five-valent phosphorus, was of interest research of influence on mechanical properties of polymers of replacement hydroxyl groups in a molecule phosphine acids on the second butoxyphenyl a grouping. Appeared, that at small concentration phosphinoxyde his action on mechanical properties the block-copolyesters comes nearer to those at use as modifiers phosphinic acids and her salts. 

In conclusion of consideration mechanical properties of compositions on the basis of aromatic block-copolyesters and phosphinic acids and her salts, and also phosphinoxyde, it is possible to notice the block-copolyesters, that all PhOC at their use in small concentration are the effective additives raising mechanical characteristics of investigated polymers. Such... 

Bovine albumin was adsorbed on quartz and amorphous silica powders at a maximum around pH 6 and was in equilibrium with that adsorbed (252). However, Her (253) found that the pH, below which enough albumin was adsorbed to cause flocculation of colloidal silica, depended on the salt concentration. With no NaCl present it was pH 4.4, but in 0.1 N solution was 6.2. It was also noted that when the surface of the silica was only 5% covered with aluminosilicate anions, no coagulation occurred in 0.1 N NaCl solution above pH 5.5. Thus colloidal aluminosilicates (clays) which bear a higher anionic charge than pure silica does in neutral solution, are less reactive with some proteins... . ... 

It seems contradictory that dense particles can grow from solution, resulting in a stable sol. Why aren t the polynuclear ions and polymers repelled by the electrostatic double layer that stabilizes the colloidal particles The answer is revealed in Fig. 5 the repulsive barrier increases with the size of the particles, so the nuclei may be unstable against aggregation until they reach a certain size. Kramer et al. [41] directly demonstrated that the rate of growth of titania particles was related to the electrostatic barrier. Particles grew to a diameter of 4nm in 24h at pH 9.7, but reached 50 nm in 4 h if salts were added to compress the double layer, and they reached 6 nm in 1 h if the pH was reduced to 7 (near the lEP of titania). Of course, if the repulsive barrier is too low, the particles do not form a stable sol. According to Her [13], silica sols made by hydrolysis of alkali silicate will precipitate if the salt concentration exceeds 0.3 N. 

Animal foodstuffs, with the exception of unsalted butter, naturally contain much more sodium than unsalted vegetable foodstuffs. Curd is relatively sodium-poor. Most of the sodium contained in milk leaves the curd with the whey. Cheese (7000-28000 mg kg DM of sodium) and sausage obtain their high sodium concentrations through NaCl-supplementation. As with breast milk, the sodium concentration of infant formulas is lower in sodium than cows milk, and covers the sodium requirement of babies (Harzer and Haschke 1989, Baranowski 2000). Fresh trout store only 4000 mg kg DM of sodium, while smoked (and salted) trout contains 18000mgkg f Marine fish deliver between 6000 and 29000 mg kg DM of sodium to the food chain. By comparison, salted herring contain huge amounts of sodium, perhaps 100 g Na or 250 g NaCl kg DM. 

Kwolek [106] demonstrated in her early work at DuPont that p-aramid fibers could be spun from amide and salt solutions using a conventional wet-spinning process. These solutions were typically of low concentration. The resulting fibers had low strength but high modulus after heat treatment. In later development,p-aramid fibers were spun from more concentrated solutions using dry-jet wet-spinning processes [107]. These solutions contained aramid polymer above a critical solids concentration and were anisotropic. 

Herring sperm DNA Dissolve the DNA (Type XIV sodium salt) m sterile distilled water at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. If necessary, stir the solution on a magnetic stirrer for 2-4 h at 37-40 C to help the DNA to dissolve. Shear the DNA by passing it several times through a sterile 18-g hypodermic needle. Alternatively sonicate on medium-high power for 5 min. Boil the DNA solution for 10 min and store at -20°C in small... 

There are also some other case-specific factors which should be recorded here for a wider view. Wilcoxon et al. [235] showed that in water-free reverse micelles, the Au cluster size prepared by them was dependent on, among others, the concentration ratio of metal salt to surfactant. When other factors were constant, increase in this ratio increased the cluster size. Chen and Wu [234] reported that the average diameter of Ni nanoparticles was controlled by the surfactant/oil phase ratio (CTAB/n-hexanol) rather than water content. In case of oxides, Lai et al. [239] found that the particle size of Ti02 could be decreased by increasing the concentration and chain length of the co-surfactant. The roles of the bulk solvent and choice of surfactant have been discussed by Pileni in one of her reviews [240]. 

On curve dependences of a pressure on relative lengthening for compositions on a basis diphenylolpropane polymer also at the contents of small quantities phosphinic acids there is a displacement of curves in area of high values Ob- At transition from phosphinic acids to her potassium salt character of influence phosphororganie eompounds on mechanical properties the block-eopolyester does not vary. Optimmn concentration are small additives potassium phosphinate. But, as against the aeid, at her use potassium salts of value of the module of elasticity in all a concentration interval are lower, and the maximal relative lengthening is higher, than in a ease phosphinic acids. It is possible to explain greater polarity P-O-K - bond in a molecule phosphinate, in comparison with P-O-H - bond in a molecule of the acid. 

Concentrations of silica of around 2 ppm were reached in dilute salt solution with mica and kaolin and up to 15 ppm with montmorillonite (36). When seawater was enriched with soluble silica to 25 ppm SiOa, it remained at that level for a year in the absence of these minerals, but when the latter were then added, the silica was removed from solution down to the 2-15 ppm level that was reached when the minerals alone were added. Since many ocean waters contain 2-10 ppm SiOj, it is possible that this value is reached as the equilibrium solubility of colloidal aluminosilicate in suspension. The above experiment is consistent with the fact that in pure water, pure a morphous silica dissolves to give a concentration of monosilicic acid of 100-110 ppm, but in the presence of polyvalent metal cations such as iron, aluminum, and other metals, colloidal silicates are formed with a much lower solubility with respect to monosilicic acid. Her (37) has shown that soluble aluminum reduces the solubility of amorphous silica from about 110 to less than 10 ppm. 

Her (116) studied the polymerization process at silica concentrations sufficiently high that the increase in molecular weight mainly involved the aggregation of small particles. He prepared 2-6% sols from 3.25 ratio sodium silicate by acidification at pH, 1.7, where salts have a negligible effect on polymerization. 

In another patent, Alexander and Her (80) describe the isolation of particles formed in the above process by coagulating them with a metal ion such as calcium, washing the precipitate free from sodium salt, and then peptizing the product to a more concentrated silica sol by removing the calcium ions by ion exchange, for example. 

Sedimentation by gravity is generally too slow, but centrifuging permits reasonably rapid concentration of silica particles larger than about 30-50 nm. Alternatively, silica can be flocculated with divalent metal ions and the precipitate washed free of soluble salts, then peptized by removing the flocculating ion. Alexander and Her (80) used ions such as Mg ", Ca +, and Ba + and removed them by ion exchange or, in the case of Ba, precipitation as the insoluble sulfate. 

Bolt (184) carried out measurements in the presence of added NaCI, and Heston, Her, and Sears (185) made similar measurements in the absence of added salt but considered the concentration of Na counterions in the system. In the latter study, the surface charge, in terms of adsorbed OH, ions was expressed in terms of/, the fraction of the maximum possible charge density, taken to be 3.5 dk 0.3 OH nm Bolt s data can be expressed in similar terms with the following results at pH 9 ... 

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