Sodium ratios

It appeared that the [Ca " ] underwent a prolonged increase, only when pectic fragments with a DP>9 were applied in the presence of a Ca /Na equivalent ratio of 1/150, whereas the use of low calcium to sodium ratios or short... 

Kraft processes are applicable to nearly all species of wood, and effective means of recovering spent cooking chemicals for recycle in the process have been developed. Some sodium and sulfur losses do occur and are replenished in the cooking-liquor system by adding sodium sulfate at the recovery boiler, where it is converted to sodium carbonate and sulfide. Ill order lo maintain a proper sulfur-lo-sodium ratio in the recovered chemicals, other chemicals, such as sodium carbonate, sodium sulfite, and sulfur, are sometimes used for chemical makeup. 

Eliassen, E., Leivestad, H. and Muller (1960). The effect of low temperature on the freezing point of plasma and on the potassium/sodium ratio in the muscles of some boreal and subarctic fishes. Bergens Universitet Arbok, Matematisk-Naturvitenskapelig Ser. 1960 (14), 24pp. 

The LCM accurately predicted the vapor pressure of SO and CO2 over sulfite/bisulfite and carbonate/bicarbonate solutions, respectively, for salts of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Figure 3 plots the LCM predictions of SO2 vapor pressure as a function of theQtotal SO to sodium ratio for a sodium sulfite/bisulfite system at 50 C... 

The remaining diethylaluminumchloride is extracted by washing the dirt with petrol after that, the dirt is burned or extinguished. When the sesquichloride sodium ratio = (0.125- 1.140) 1, dirt contains mostly sodium chloride. It easily suspends in hydrocarbons and can be transported through piping. 

Extensive exploration of the ECR-1 crystallization composition field is shown in Figure 3. At higher Si/Al ratios mordenite is the major, and usually pure product, and similarly mazzite at lower Si/Al ratios. ECR-1 is seen only occasionally to cocrystallize with either of these zeolites and it crystallizes rarely when the template/sodium ratio is greater than 0.4. 

Theoretically, a plot of S AR versus ExNa/ExCa1/2 or exchangeable sodium ratio (ESR) will produce a straight line with slope equal to KQ. The average magnitude of KG for soils of the arid west is approximately 0.015 (mmol L 1) 1/2. However, the experimental Kg appears to be dependent on pH, salt concentration, and clay mineralogy. Furthermore, the experimental KG does not appear to be constant across the various sodium loads. Commonly, as sodium load increases, KG also increases. Furthermore, as pH increases, KG decreases (Fig. 4.26). 

Here s just one example of how you might do that in your life. One cup of regular chicken broth contains a whopping 960 mg of sodium replace that with reduced-sodium broth or, better yet, salt-free chicken broth. That day, enjoy a one-cup serving of sweet potato to add 950 mg of potassium. By cutting the sodium and boosting the potassium, in this instance, you ve completely reversed the potassium/sodium ratio in the right direction. 

In the laboratory, aerosol samples were individually cut from the filter-tape roll and extracted on a 47-mm filter holder (Millipore) with 200 mL of distilled deionized water maintained at 50-60 °C. The leachates were analyzed for sodium content by flame atomic absorption with a Perkin-Elmer Model 373 spectrophotometer. The soluble sodium was assumed to be derived only from sea salt. Estimates of total sea salt in each sample were obtained by multiplying the sodium value by 3.25, which is the salinity-to-sodium ratio in bulk seawater (12). The sodium content of the 5-cm diameter, glass-fiber filter blanks averaged 18 /xg 12% (20 samples). Based on an average sample volume of 27 m, the background salt level produced by the sodium blank in each filter would be equivalent to 2.2 /xg/m. ... 

Grade Usually based on silicon dioxide content, potassium-sodium ratio, iron content, and fineness of grinding. 

In analysis of water or soil extracts, the only ion which may cause serious interference to sodium measurements is calcium. This usually happens when calcium occurs in a much higher concentration than sodium. For instance, water extracts of gypsiferrous soils can contain up to 30-32 meq/1 of calcium while sodium level may be less than 1 meq/1. In general for a particular instrument and type of flame, there may be interference effects from some of the other cations or anions present in the test solution and these effects must either be suppressed or measured. The calcium ion sometimes tend to enhance sodimn emission and the effect may be measured for a range of calcium sodium ratios and appropriate corrections applied or in some cases the interference may be suppressed by addition of aluminium nitrates. 

At present, we do not believe that Na metal in the films is responsible for initiation since n-type (CH)X films which contained a 2 1 naphthalene/sodium ratio were still highly active as polymerization initiators. A comparison of the number of (CH)X carbanions which are initiators with the number, if any, of electron transfer sites may yield important information about the distribution of charge carrier reactivities in doped (CH)X. 

The [Ca2+ + Mg2"1-] tenn was necessary because many early water analyses did not distinguish between the two ions. The left side of Eq. 8.21 was termed the ESR (exchangeable sodium ratio). The solution concentration ratio on the right side was termed the SAR (sodium adsorption ratio). The SAR is written as [Na+]/([Ca2+ + Mg2+]/2)1/2 when the concentration units are millimoles of charge per liter. The reduced ratio (r) of the double-layer exchange equation (8.19) is equal to the SAR divided by (1000)1/2. 

Lindhauer mg, FIaeder HE and Beringer H (1990) Osmotic potentials and solute concentrations in sugar beet plants cultivated with varying potassium/sodium ratios. Z Pflanz Bodenkunde 153 25-32. 

From a biological point of view, potassium is an essential element in all forms of life. Each organism has a closely maintained potassium level and a relatively fixed potassium-sodium ratio. For instance, in the human body, the ratio of potassium between the cell and plasma is ca. 27/1. Potassium is the primary inorganic cation within living cells, and sodium is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluids. Moreover, potassium is a chief element of fertilizers. Potassium forms alloys with all the alkali metals. Complete miscibility exists in the K-Rb and K-Cs binary systems. The latter system forms an alloy eutectic melting at ca. -38°C. Modification of the system by the addition of sodium results in a ternary eutectic melting at ca. -78°C. Potassium is essentially immiscible with all of the alkaline-earth metals (when they are liquid), as well as with molten zinc, aluminum, and cadmium. 

Summary. A low intake of a number of dietary constituents [unsaturated (essential) fatty acids, niacin, pyridoxine, choline, cystine, potassium, and magnesium] seems to be important in the etiology of both diseases. The effects of vitamin A, vitamin E, methionine, the potassium sodium ratio, and carbohydrates are less clear, partly because of lack of information in both diseases and partly because the information concerning the role of a particular factor in one of the diseases seems to be somewhat contradictory. 

Cellular oiganelles and active transport maintain a high potassium-to-sodium ratio. 

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