Hypertonic salt solutions

The electrolytes and acid-base balance should be restored in careful coordination with the renal function. In hyponatraemia, either the fluid intake should be reduced to 700-1,000 ml/day, or a combination of a hypertonic salt solution (3%) and a loop diuretic should be administered intravenously, (s. p. 308) Likewise, an attempt can be made using a combination of diuretics and urea diuresis. Generally, sodium and water intake should be restricted. It is imperative to achieve an even volumetric balance, possibly supported by the cautious intake of fluid. 

Actomyosin denatures also in situ under the influence of hypertonic salt solutions. When cod muscle is immersed in various concentrations of sodium chloride, there is a critical salt content in the fillet (8% to 10% NaCl) at which denaturation occurs together with a rapid loss of water and uptake of salt (Duerr and Dyer, 1952 Fougere, 1952). In herring, however, this critical salt concentration is much lower (3 % NaCl) (Nikkila and Linko, 1954b). The stability of the native configuration appears very variable, but we are unable to explain such differences. The need for a better knowledge of the protein itself is clearly stressed by these researches. Let us now consider the recent progress made in this direction. 

Adsorbents have long been employed to treat various intestinal disturbances. In 1712, Father Deutrecolle, a Jesuit missionary in China, described the use of clay to treat diarrhea.42 Braafladt reports that the use of kaolin together with a hypertonic salt solution reduced the mortality from cholera from 60 to 3 % during the Balkan war of 1910.42 McRobert advocated kaolin to treat acute... 

If a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, which has a higher solute concentration hyper means greater than ), water flows out of the cell into the hypertonic solution by osmosis. Suppose a red blood cell is placed in a 10% (m/v) NaCl solution. Because the osmotic pressure in the cell is equal to that of a 0.9% (m/v) NaQ solution, the cell shrinks, a process called crcwfltion (see Figure 12.11c). A similarprocess occurs when making pickles, which uses a hypertonic salt solution that causes the cucumbers to shrivel as they lose water. 

H. The Effect of Polycations, of DMSO and of Hypertonic Salt Solutions... 

HBBS Hank s balanced salt solution HCA Hypertonic citrate H-CAM Hyaluronic acid cell adhesion molecule HDC Histidine decarboxylase... 

Despite their apparent efficacy, the usefulness of sodium chloride solutions in the treatment of edematous corneas with a traumatized epithelium appears to be limited. The intact corneal epithelium exhibits limited permeability to inorganic ions. In the absence of an intact epithelium the cornea imbibes salt solutions, which reduces the osmotic effect. In the management of corneal edema associated with traumatized epithelium, hypertonic saline solutions may be of limited value due to their increased ability to penetrate the epithelial barrier. 

It has been also observed that hypertonic and hypotonic salt solutions tend to irritate sensitive tissue and cause pain when applied to mucous membranes of the eye, ear, and nose, etc., whereas isotonic solution causes no tissue irritation when it comes in contact with the tissue. Obviously, the tonicity of formulations that come in to direct contact with blood, muscle, eye, nose, and delicate tissues is critical. Therefore, the issue of tonicity is important in small- and large-volume injectables, ophthalmic products, and products intended for tissue irrigation. The degree of tissue irritation or hemolysis or crenation observed depends on the degree of deviation from isotonicity, the volume injected, the speed of injection, the concentration of the solutes in the injection, and the nature of the membrane. The parenteral and ophthalmic formulations are therefore adjusted to isotonicity if possible. 

P. J.Hanzlik and H.T. Karsner, Treatment of Anaphylactoid Phenomena from some Agents by Hypertonic Sugar and Salt Solutions, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 23, 237 to 242 (1924). 

A number of methods are in use to titrate the infectivity of viral nucleic acids in mammalian virus-cell systems in vitro. The first method to be applied to tissue culture cells was based on treatment with hypertonic salt or sucrose solutions and a subsequent influx of RNA when the cells were returned to an isotonic environment (Alexander et al., 1958 Koch et al., i960). Later it was shown that the infectivity of poliovirus-specific RNAs, including double-stranded (RF-RNA) and multistranded (RI-RNA) molecules, can be determined with an agar cell suspension plaque assay, provided the cells are sensitized for RNA infection by polycation treatment (for review see Pagano, 1970). Several other methods have been used. These include exposure of cells... 

Pfeffer in 1877 [523] subjected plant cell suspensions to different amounts of salt and observed the cells to shrink under hypertonic conditions and swell in hypotonic conditions. He concluded there was a semipermeable membrane separating the cell interior from the external solution, an invisible (under light microscope) plasma membrane. 

Enemas may contain water, salts, soap, mineral detergent (docusate potassium), or hypertonic (sorbitol, sodium phosphate-biphosphate) fluids. These are convenient and generally safe for short-term use. Many of these solutions irritate the mucosa and may produce excessive mucus in the stool. Excessive use of these enema products may result in water intoxication and hyponatremia. 

The method chosen to provide an aqueous concentrate was RO. The RO procedure provided 50-fold aqueous concentrates containing almost all of the organic carbon (4). However, the removal of salt that was required to achieve a 400-fold concentrate without precipitation and without forming a hypertonic solution resulted in substantial losses of organic carbon (13). 

When the pH of a suspension of microspheres of acidic proteinoid is raised by 1-2 units, diffusion of material from the interior to the exterior, fission into two particles, and the appearance of a double layer in the boundary are observed 2 Proteinoid microspheres shrink or swell on transfer to hypertonic or to hypotonic solutions respectively. Some experiments show that polysaccharides are retained under conditions in which monosaccharides diffuse out2. Some proteinoid microspheres possess the intrinsic capacity to grow by accretion, to proliferate through budding, and to form junctions 2). The morphology and other characteristics of proteinoid microspheres are altered by the inclusion of other materials such as polynucleotides, lipids or salts. 

We can use the phenomenon of crenation to our advantage. Food can be preserved by treating its surface with a solute that forms a solution hypertonic to bacteria cells. Bacteria on the food then tend to shrivel and die. This is why salt can be used to protect meat and sugar can be used to protect fruit. 

These observations have several important practical implications. First, hospitals must store red blood cells in a plasma solution which has the correct proportions of salts and proteins. The plasma solution is made to be slightly hypertonic to the red cells so that the integrity of the cells is preserved and hemolysis is prevented. Second, when doctors inject a drug intravenously into a patient, the drug is suspended in a saline solution which is slightly hypertonic to red blood cells. Intravenous injection of a drug in pure water will cause some of the patient s red blood cells to hemolyze because water is hypotonic to the red blood cells. 

Elimination of hyponatraemia (<125 mmol/1) is extremely difficult. In this case, the overall status of body sodium is increased, and hence the body fluid as well, whereas the sodium level in the serum is lowered (= dilutional hyponatraemia). Treatment is effected by strictly limiting the intake of fluid (<700-900 ml/day) and rigidly restricting salt. Should these measures fail to raise sodium levels in the serum and increase diuresis, intravenous administration of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution (3%) can be attempted (increasing serum sodium by no more than 1-1.5 mmol/1 per hour and, if possible, never in excess of 130 mmol/1). This, however, automatically harbours the danger of tense ascites. For this reason, an i.v. application of furosemide should be given at the same time to promote the clearance of free... 

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