Hepatitis envelope proteins

Petersen J, Dandri M, Mier W, Lfltgehetmann M, Volz T, von Weizsacker F, Haberkom U, Fischer L, Pollok JM, Erbes B, Seitz S, Urban S (2008) Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in vivo by entry inhibitors derived from the large envelope protein, Nat Biotechnol 26 335-341 PorniUos O, Garrus JE, Sundquist WI (2002) Mechanisms of enveloped RNA virus budding. Trends CeU Biol 12 569-579... 

Lerner, R.A., Green, N., Alexander, H., Liu, F.-T., Sutcliffe, J.G., and Shinnick, T.M. (1981) Chemically synthesized peptides predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome elicit antibodies reactive with the native envelope protein of Pane particles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 3403-3407. 

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) HVR1 epitope of E2 envelope protein Epitope display on cucumber mosaic virus in tobacco leaf Cross reactive with a wide range of human anti-HVR1 antibodies. 80... 

Yeast expression vectors have been among those most commonly used since the beginning of gene technology. Vectors based on baker s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been especially popular for robust expression of many types of recombinant proteins [90]. For instance, the first commercially available recombinant vaccine, the hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine, was produced from an S. cerevisiae vector [91]. Many other recombinant proteins have also been efficiently expressed in yeast including al-Antitrypsin [92], insulin [93], Epstein-Barr virus envelope protein [94], superoxide dismutase [95] and interferon-a [90]. 

Brass, V., Lu, X., Thomssen, R., and Gerlich, W. (1994). Post-translational alterations in transmembrane topology of the hepatitis B virus large envelope protein. EMBO J. 

Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRTV) are spherical 150-nm sized particles consisting of a phospholipid bilayer in which influenza virus A/Singapore strain-derived hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are intercalated. As such, they resemble and mimic the influenza virus envelope. The difference from conventional liposome formulations lies in the inclusion of the viral envelope proteins HA and NA as well as viral phospholipids. Especially, the inclusion of influenza virus HA provides IRIV with delivery and immimogenic capacities. IRTV are licensed for human use as adjuvant in hepatitis A vaccination and as influenza subunit vaccine (1). 

Daunorabicin (DaunoXome, Gilead Sciences, Inc.) Doxorubicin (Doxil/Caelyx, Ortho Biotech ProductsLP/Sequus Pharmaceuticals) Amphotericin B (Ambisome/Abelcet, Fujisawa Healthcare, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals) Doxorubicin (Myocet/Evacet, Sopherion/ Liposome Company) Hepatitis A virus envelope proteins (Epaxal, Berna Biotech) Influenza virus (Inflexal V, Berna Biotech) Verteporfin (Visudyne, Novartis Ophthalmics) Kaposi s sarcoma Kaposi s sarcoma Fungal infections in immunocompromised patients Metastatic breast cancer Hepatitis A Influenza Age-related macular degeneration... 

The complete DNA sequence has meanwhile been clarified. HCV binds to the cell surface structure CD 81 via its envelope protein E2 for this reason, HCV can also infect other cell types (apart from hepatocytes). (318) Virus replication can be detected very early (within the first week after exposure). The viral particle load is < 10 /ml serum, which is less than half of an HBV infection. The highest antibody titres are found in the preacute and early acute stages. HCV can replicate extra-hepatically, e. g. in leucocytes and B or T lymphocytes as well as, occasionally, in oral lichen tissue. (284) The spleen serves as a large extrahepatic reservoir for HCV. (280, 288, 313, 318, 334, 342, 355, 358, 377, 383, 404) (s. p. 115)... 

Acute viral hepatitis D/B is precipitated by an initially uncoated (incomplete, defective) human apathogenic viroid, which subsequently acquires HBsAg as its envelope protein. This hepatitis delta virus (HDV) becomes pathogenic as a result of two different infection modes (i.) simultaneous infection of HBV and HDV (= coinfection) and (2.) infection of a chronic HBsAg carrier with HDV (= superinfection). 

Compound 72 as well as the corresponding V-nonyl analog were also found to be active against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) by inducing misfolding of viral envelope proteins [187]. In addition, 72 was reported to inhibit human hepatitis B virus [188] as a novel inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis [189]. 

Fig. 16. (A) The first increment of a NOESY spectrum of a 3 mM sample of a 26 amino acid peptide from the hepatitis B envelope protein recorded in 90% H2O at 273 K on a 500 MHz spectrometer. (B) Same as (A) but after applying the shifted time-domain convolution difference filter. (From Sodano and Delepierre with permission.)...

Activities of two other enzymes, protein phosphokinease and phospho-protein phosphohydrolase, have also been identified on the mammalian nuclear envelope.113-115 It has been suggested that the levels of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the nuclear envelope protein by these two enzymes may regulate nucleocytoplasmic RNA translocation.116 Because these nuclear envelope-associated enzymes may play a key role in the regulation of nuclear RNA transport, a study was conducted to investigate whether the administration of tryptophan would influence the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation process in the hepatic nuclear envelopes, which may then modulate nucleocytoplasmic transport of RNA. The activ-... 

In vitro, N-nonyl deoxynojirimycin (NN-DNJ 20) inhibits hepatitis B virus ability to construct its M envelope protein in human liver cells. Apparently, minor cellular carbohydrate processing disruption (6%)results in a greater than 99% reduction in the secretion of hepatitis B virus. In vivOy using the standard woodchuck model for HBV with the woodchuck hepatitis virus, treatment with NN-DNJ (20) induced a loss of viremia (70). Not unexpectedly after treatment ceased, viral titers returned to pretreatment levels. 

Lambert, C. and Prange, R., Dual topology of the hepatitis B virus large envelope protein determinants influencing post-translational pre-S translocation, J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 22265-22272. 

Pavio N, Taylor DR, Lai MM. Detection of a novel unglycosylated form of hepatitis C virus E2 envelope protein that is located in the cytosol and interacts with PKR. J Virol 2002 76(3) 1265-1272. 

R. Prange, R. E. Streeck, Novel transmembrane topology of the hepatitis B virus envelope proteins, EMBO J, 1995, 14, 247-256. 

V. Bruss, D. Ganem, The role of envelope proteins in hepatitis B virus assembly, Proc. Natl Acad. Set. U. S. A., 1991, 88, 1059-1063. 

M. Werr, R. Prange, Role for calnexin and N-linked glycosylation in the assembly and secretion of hepatitis B virus middle envelope protein particles, J. Virol, 1998, 72, 778-782. 

Viruses are small infectious agents composed of a nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) encased by structural proteins and in some cases a lipid envelope. They are the causative agents of a number of human infectious diseases, the most important for public health today being acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, influenza, measles, and vituses causing diarrhoea (e.g., rotavirus). In addition, certain viruses contribute to the development of cancer. Antiviral drugs inhibit viral replication by specifically targeting viral enzymes or functions and are used to treat specific virus-associated diseases. 

Hepatitis B virus is enveloped, but it has been possible to study the inner DNA-containing capsid after removal of the lipid. The capsid protein or core antigen forms a mixture of T=3 and T=4 particles when expressed in... 

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family and of the genus Orthohepadnavirus [15]. HBV causes chronic, acute, and fulminate hepatitis and is still a major health issue, with hundreds of millions of individuals infected despite the development of a number of efficacious vaccines [120]. HBV first assembles the capsid around the RNA pregenome and reverse transcriptase. On assembly, the pregenome is retrotranscribed [121] and the nucleocapsid is enveloped by portions of the host cellular membrane and viral glycoprotein. There are two sizes of HBV, composed of 90 or 120 capsid protein dimers in a T=3 or T=4 icosahedral arrangement, respectively [122, 123]. 

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