Epitope display

Tab. 9.1 Vaccine antigens expressed in plant virus epitope display systems. 

Canine parvovirus (CPV) VP2 epitope Epitope display on cowpea mosaic virus in cowpea leaf Immunogenic in mice when delivered parenter-ally or nasally. Dogs developed 3L17- and VP2-specific IgG sera neutralized CPV in vitro. Protective against lethal challenge in dogs immunized parenterally. 76, 77... 

Canine parvovirus VP2 epitope Epitope display on plum pox potyvirus in tobacco leaf Mice developed CPV-specific antibodies that showed neutralizing activity. Immunogenic in mice and rabbits when delivered parenterally 78... 

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) HVR1 epitope of E2 envelope protein Epitope display on cucumber mosaic virus in tobacco leaf Cross reactive with a wide range of human anti-HVR1 antibodies. 80... 

Human rhinovirus type 14 VP1 epitope Epitope display on cowpea mosaic virus in cowpea leaf Immunogenic in rabbits when delivered parenterally. 81... 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa membrane protein F Epitope display on tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco leaf Elicited specific antibodies against 7 immuno-type strains. Immunogenic in mice when delivered parenterally. Mice protected when challenged with model chronic pulmonary infection with P. aeruginosa. 20... 

In the second research strategy, plant viruses have been utilized as pliable genetic platforms for protein expression. Three formats have been developed, and the one that has undergone the most extensive evaluation is the display of epitopes on the surface of the virus as fusions with the viral coat protein. This epitope-display system... 

Figure 2 Examples of coiled-coils used as engineering materials—transplantable oligomerization module (a) [24,25,27], epitope-displaying scaffold (b) [26], biorecognition element (c) [28], allosteric switch (d) [29], and self-replicating peptide (e) [30]. 

It is hoped that concerted efforts with computational chemistry, focused combinatorial chemistry, high-through-put screening, and SAR by NMR and X-ray will accelerate the rational translation of functional epitopes displayed by protein tertiary structures on to a small molecular scaffold and make this approach more feasible in the near future.2 ... 

Microfluidic Cell Enumeration for Biomedical Diagnostics, Fig. 1 Affinity-based capture of target cells. The surface of the capture area is functionalized with antibodies specific to epitopes displayed on the outer membrane of the target cells. When a sample is pumped... 

A specific immune response, i.e. a specific biological reaction to a substance regarded as non-self, is not usually involved during contact with synthetic materials. However, the use of materials from natural origin, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and natural rubber and its derivatives, may induce reactions with pre-existing antibodies or formation of antibodies of different classes against some typical epitopes displayed on the surface of the material. 

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