Viral envelope proteins

Herzberg U, Sagen J (2001) Peripheral nerve exposure to HIV viral envelope protein gpl20 induces neuropathic pain and spinal gliosis. J Neuroimmunol 116(l) 29-39 Herzmann C, Johnson MA et al (2005) Long-term effect of acetyl-L-carnitine for antiretroviral toxic neuropathy. HIV Clin Trials 6(6) 344-350... 

Infection of macrophages and lymphocytes by HIV-1 can occur after binding of the viral envelope protein gpl20 to one of the several possible chemokine receptors... 

Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRTV) are spherical 150-nm sized particles consisting of a phospholipid bilayer in which influenza virus A/Singapore strain-derived hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are intercalated. As such, they resemble and mimic the influenza virus envelope. The difference from conventional liposome formulations lies in the inclusion of the viral envelope proteins HA and NA as well as viral phospholipids. Especially, the inclusion of influenza virus HA provides IRIV with delivery and immimogenic capacities. IRTV are licensed for human use as adjuvant in hepatitis A vaccination and as influenza subunit vaccine (1). 

Viral and cellular lipid membranes must first fuse to allow entry of the viral core into a host cell. The primary receptor required for the entry of primate lentiviruses, HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV, into cells is the CD4 molecule (1). The interaction of viral envelope protein with CD4 not only attaches virus particles to the cell surface but also induces conformational changes in the envelope protein. These structural alterations allow a secondary interaction with a coreceptor to occur which triggers the fusion process. 

Compound 72 as well as the corresponding V-nonyl analog were also found to be active against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) by inducing misfolding of viral envelope proteins [187]. In addition, 72 was reported to inhibit human hepatitis B virus [188] as a novel inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis [189]. 

MacKenzie, R., Newman, D., Burger, M.M., Roy, R., Kuhns, W. J. Adhesion of a viral envelope protein to a non-self-binding domain... 

Among the known human retroviruses are human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (FITLY), which causes a form of leukemia, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Both of these viruses can infect only specific cell types, primarily certain cells of the immune system and, in the case of HIV, some central nervous system neurons and glial cells. Only these cells have cell-surface receptors that interact with viral envelope proteins, accounting for the host-cell specificity of these viruses. Unlike most other retroviruses, HIV eventually kills its host cells. The eventual death of large numbers of... 

Conformational Changes in Viral Envelope Proteins Trigger Membrane Fusion... 

Enveloped viruses are assembled at the host-cell membrane through normal protein-targeting pathways. Viral-envelope proteins become associated with the host-cell plasma membrane which facilitates viral packaging and cell-surface budding. 

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