Age-related macular

Ferrara N, Damico L, Shams N, et al (2006) Developmemt of Ranibizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antigen binding fragment, as therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina 26 859-870... 

LUTTY G, GRUNWALD J, MAjji A B, UYAMA M and YONEYA s (1999) Changes in choriocapillaris and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in age-related macular degeneration. Mol Vis. 5 35-8. 

COOPER D A, ELDRiDGE A L and PETERS J c (1999) Dietary carotenoids and certain cancers, heart disease and age-related macular degeneration a review of recent research , iVMtr Rev, 57, 201-14. 

Snodderly, D.M., Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 62, 1448S, 1995. 

Beatty, S. et al.. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration, Surv. Ophthalmol, 45, 115, 2000. 

Landrum, J.T. et al., The macular pigment a possible role in protection from age-related macular degeneration, Adv. Pharmacol, 38, 537, 1997. 

In the Unites States, the daily intake of 3-carotene is around 2 mg/day Several epidemiological studies have reported that consumption of carotenoid-rich foods is associated with reduced risks of certain chronic diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration. These preventive effects of carotenoids may be related to their major function as vitamin A precursors and/or their actions as antioxidants, modulators of the immune response, and inducers of gap-junction communications. Not all carotenoids exert similar protective effects against specific diseases. By reason of the potential use of carotenoids as natural food colorants and/or for their health-promoting effects, research has focused on better understanding how they are absorbed by and metabolized in the human body. 

Tso and Lam suggested that astaxanthin could be useful for prevention and treatment of neuronal damage associated with age-related macular degeneration and may also be effective in treating ischemic reperfusion injury, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease, spinal cord injuries, and other types of central nervous system injuries. Astaxanthin was found to easily cross the blood-brain barrier and did not form crystals in the eye. 

There is no cure for age-related macular degeneration and the efficacy of most treatments is low. 

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the primary cause of irreversible vision loss in developed countries (Figs. 60-2 and 60-3). The prevalence increases with age.20 In the United States, 1.75 million people age 40 or older have AMD another 7 million people are at substantial risk of developing it. Because of the rapid aging of the United States population, it is projected that almost 3 million people will develop AMD by 2020.21 The causes of AMD are not completely known (Table 60-7). 

Early macular changes are often called age-related macu-lopathy and are characterized by large drusen and pigmentary abnormalities in the macula.20 Age-related maculopathy accounts for 85% to 90% of all age-related macular changes. Ten to fifteen percent of these patients will develop advanced atrophy and/or develop abnormal blood vessels in and under the retina called choroidal neovascular membranes. Patients are then classified as having AMD.23... 

FIGURE 60-3. The scene in Fig. 60-2 as it might be viewed by a person with age-related macular degeneration. (From the National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health Ref. No. EDS05. Accessed online at http //www.nei.nih.gov/photo/)... 

Comer GM, Ciulla TA, Criswell MH, Tolentino M. Current and future treatment options for nonexudative and exudative age-related macular degeneration. Drugs Aging 2004 21 967-992. Donahue SP, Khoury JM, Kowalski RP. Common ocular infections. A prescriber s guide. Drugs 1996 52 526-540. 

Preferred Practice Patterns from the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Online at http //www.aao.org/aao/education/ library/ppp/index.cfm. Available for keratitis, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, dry eye, and age-related macular degeneration. Wilson SA, Last A. Management of corneal abrasions. Am Fam Physician 2004 70 123-128. 

Schalch, W. (2001). Possible contribution of lutein and zeaxanthin, carotenoids of the macula lutea, to reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration A review. HKJ Ophthalmology 4 31—42. 

Stringham, J. M. et al. (2008). The utility of using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry (cHFP) to measure macular pigment in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Experimental Eye Research 87 445 153. 

Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (2007), The relationship of dietary carotenoid and vitamin A, E, and C intake with age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study, AREDS Report No. 22, Arch. Ophthalmol. 125 1225-1232. 

Bernstein PS, Zhao DY, Wintch SW, Ermakov IV, and Gellermann W (2002), Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age-related macular degeneration patients, Ophthalmology 109 1780-1787. 

Richer S, Stiles W, Statkute L, Pulido J, Frankowski J, Rudy D, Pei K, Tsipursky M, and Nyland J (2004), Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration The Veterans LAST study (lutein antioxidant supplementation trial), Optometry 75 216-30. 

AREDS Research Group (2001). A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, 3-carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss, AREDS Report No. 8. Arch. Ophthalmol. 119(10) 1417-1436. 

Beatty, S., I. J. Murray et al. (2001). Macular pigment and risk for age-related macular degeneration in subjects from a Northern European population. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42(2) 439-446. 

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