Hepatic modulation

The oxa2ohdinedione trimethadione [127-48-0] C H NO (50), at one time the dmg of choice for the treatment of absence sei2ures, has been replaced by ethosuximide (41) and valproate (49). (50) has a distinct profile from that of phenytoin but causes photophobia and night blindness in approximately 30% of the patients taking it and has the CNS and sedative properties seen for other anticonvulsants together with moderate neutropenia, hepatitis, and skin rashes (13). Trimethadione does not appear to produce its effects via modulation of GABA-mediated responses. 

Lamotrigine Modulate sodium channels Loading dose Not recommended due to increased risk of rash Maintenance dose 1 50-800 mg/day in 2-3 divided doses. Doses should be initiated and titrated according to the manufacturer s recommendations to reduce the risk of rash Half-life Not established Monotherapy 24 hours Concurrent enzyme inducers 12-15 hours Concurrent enzyme inhibitors 55-60 hours Apparent volume of distribution 1.1 L/kg Protein binding 55% Primary elimination route Hepatic Ataxia, drowsiness, headache, insomnia, sedation Rash... 

Oxcarbazepine Modulate sodium channels Loading dose Not recommended due to excessive adverse effects Maintenance dose 600-1200 mg/day. Start at 300 mg twice daily and titrate upward as indicated by response Half-life Not established Parent drug 2 hours 1 0-monohydroxy metabolite 9 hours Apparent volume of distribution 0.5-0.7 L/kg Protein binding 40% Primary elimination route Hepatic Diplopia, dizziness, somnolence Hyponatremia, 25-30% cross sensitivity in patients with hypersensitivity to carbamazepine... 

Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, also known as MXR or ABCP), first cloned from mitoxantrone and anthracycline-resistant breast and colon cancer cells [188, 189] is a half-transporter efflux pump believed to function as a homo-or hetero-dimer. Following its identification, BCRP-mediated drug resistance was observed for topoisomerase inhibitors including camptothecins [190, 191] and in-dolocarbazoles [192]. In normal tissues, BCRP was detected in placental syncytio-trophoblasts, hepatocyte canalicular membrane, apical intestinal epithelia and vascular endothelial cells [193]. These findings support the important role BCRP plays in modulating topotecan bioavailability, fetal exposure and hepatic elimination [194]. Considering that the substrates and tissue distributions for BCRP overlap somewhat with MDR1 and MRPs [195], additional studies will be required to define the relative contribution of each of these transporters in the overall and tis-... 

Liu Q, Duan ZP, Ha DK, Bengmark S, Kurto-vic J, Riordan SM Symbiotic modulation of gut flora Effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatololy 2004 39 1441-1449. 

CP coat protein CtxB cholera toxin B subunit scFv single chain Fv antibody fragment TMOF trypsin modulating oostatic factor MAB monoclonal antibody GFP green fluorescent protein CPV Canine parvovirus BHV Bovine herpes virus FMDV Foot and mouth disease virus HCV Hepatitis C virus HRV Human rhino Virus MEV Mink enteritis virus MHV Murine hepatitis virus MV Measles virus RSV Respiratory syncytial virus... 

Rice, C.D. and L.E. Roszell. 1998. Tributyltin modulates 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)-induced hepatic CYP1A activity in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 55 A 197-212. 

Sleijffers, A. et al., Cytokine polymorphisms play a role in susceptibility to ultraviolet B-induced modulation of immune responses after hepatitis B vaccination, J. Immunol., 170, 3423, 2003. 

Relatively few reports have examined the benefits or perils of herb combinations. Because the activity of a particular herb in a mixture might differ from its activity as a single component, it would be prudent to test the effects of prescribed formulas. The potential for herbal formulae to affect the immune system are increasingly being found in the use of Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicinals as described in an excellent review by Borchers and colleagues. [94], For example, Shosaiko-to is a seven-herb mixture that has been shown to protect patients from viral hepatitis via modulation of several cytokines such as IFN-a/p, G-CSF, and TNF-a. Animal studies have been conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of the various herbs in Shosaiko-to. Interestingly, four of its individual constituents induced several-fold higher levels of TNF-a when... 

Glaser, R. et al., Stress-induced modulation of the immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, Psychosomat. Med., 54, 22, 1992. 

Jabaaij, L. et al., Modulation of immune response to rDNA hepatitis B vaccination by psychological stress, J. Psychomat. Res. 41, 129, 1996. 

Epigenetic silencing, hepatic tumors 6 Hepatoma lines 5-AzaC Comparison of gene ontology for responses suggests common modulation of cellular functions in models [31]... 

Albrecht J, Hilgier W, Zielinska M, Januszewski S, Hesselink M, et al. 2000. Extracellular concentrations of taurine, glutamate, and aspartate in the cerebral cortex of rats at the asymptomatic stage of thioacetamide-induced hepatic failure modulation by ketamine anesthesia. Neurochem Res 25(11) 1497-1502. 

Anti-hepatitis B virus activity in vitro and in vivo was also found in wogonin and baicalein (Fig. 4), the major active constituents of the traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria radix.More recently, Blach-Olszewska et al investigated the effect of baicalein and wogonin on two important mechanisms of innate immunity The secretion of cytokines, and the natural resistance of human leukocytes to viral infection. The results obtained indicate that these fiavonoids modulate cytokine production, that is they inhibit interferons-a and -y, and stimulate tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin production. They also augment the resistance of peripheral blood leukocytes to the vesicular stomatitis virus. 

Deliconstantinos G, Mykoniatis M, Papadimitriou D. 1986. Carbon tetrachloride modulates the rat hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity and membrane fluidity. Experientia 42 181-183. 

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