Photophobia, caused

The oxa2ohdinedione trimethadione [127-48-0] C H NO (50), at one time the dmg of choice for the treatment of absence sei2ures, has been replaced by ethosuximide (41) and valproate (49). (50) has a distinct profile from that of phenytoin but causes photophobia and night blindness in approximately 30% of the patients taking it and has the CNS and sedative properties seen for other anticonvulsants together with moderate neutropenia, hepatitis, and skin rashes (13). Trimethadione does not appear to produce its effects via modulation of GABA-mediated responses. 

The drug may cause burning in the eye, ptosis (drooping of tiie upper eyelid), lid edema, itching, comeal edema, browache photophobia, dryness of the eye, tearing, and blurring of vision. 

The administration of die antiviral ophthalmics may cause occasional irritation, pain, pruritus, inflammation, or edema of the eyes or lids allergic reactions foreign body sensation photophobia and corneal clouding. 

Some of diese preparations cause sensitivity (photophobia) to light to minimize tiiis, wear sunglasses. 

Signs and Symptoms Initial symptoms are flu-like with abrupt onset of high fever, severe frontal headache, chills, muscle pain (myalgia), pain behind the eyes, nausea, and vomiting. Additional symptoms may include sensitivity to light (photophobia), diarrhea, and sore throat. Fever may be biphasic. CNS symptoms range from drowsiness to disorientation, convulsions, paralysis, coma, and death. May cause abortions or CNS malformations in the fetus. 

Signs and Symptoms Symptoms in immunocompromised individuals may include fever, difficulty breathing (dyspnea), nonproductive cough, bloody sputum (hemoptysis), bloody nose (epistaxis), a vague feeling of bodily discomfort (malaise), pneumonia, weakness, chest pain, and anorexia. May progress to inflammation of the eyes (endophthalmitis), sensitivity to light (photophobia), and/or inflammation of the heart (endocarditis). May also cause abscesses in the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, other soft tissue, or the bone. If the central nervous system becomes involved, can cause altered mental states and seizures. 

Symptoms of exposure Inhalation may cause irritation to eyes, nose, and throat (coughing). Chronic exposure to high concentrations may cause photophobia, blurred vision, and lacrimation (Patnaik, 1992 Windholz et al, 1983). An irritation concentration of 75.00 mg/m in air was reported by Ruth (1986). 

The main feature of migraine (from the Greek hemicrania) is a severe one-sided headache. It can last for up to 24 hours and is frequently accompanied by photophobia and nausea. The initial cause is a decrease in blood flow to... 

Chloramphenicol eye preparations may cause transient stinging as with any other eye preparation. Agranulocytosis refers to deficiency in neutrophils. Photophobia refers to abnormal intolerance to light. 

In humans, severe eye irritation occurs at 2 5 ppm and irritation of the nose is moderate at 12.5ppm. In workers exposed to a moderate vapor level there was a syndrome of lacrimation, retrobulbar pain, photophobia, and blurring of vision. The symptoms persisted for up to 48 hours. Skin contact with the liquid has a delayed effect, causing aching that begins several hours after contact, followed by the formation of vesicles. Splashes of the liquid in human eyes have caused moderately severe reactions. ... 

Chronic exposure of humans to concentrations above 5 0-2 00 ppm causes irritation of the eyes with lacrimation, blurring of vision, and photophobia. ... 

Exposure to levels above 50 ppm for 1 hour can produce acute conjunctivitis with pain, lacrimation, and photophobia in severe form, this can progress to keratoconjunctivitis and vesiculation of the corneal epithelium. Prolonged exposure to 50 ppm also causes rhinitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonitis. 

The accidental release of several tons of MIC in 1984 at Bhopal, India, resulted in a very heavy death toll (approximately 1850) and, in survivors, significant impairment of health. Immediate symptoms were difficulty in breathing, skin and eye irritation, vomiting, and unconsciousness. Only a few deaths were recorded in the first few hours, with the maximum number of fatalities occurring between 24 and 72 hours. The predominant cause of death was cardiac arrest following severe pulmonary edema. Lung function abnormalities have persisted years after exposure. Ophthalmic effects included lacrimation, lid edema, photophobia, and ulceration of the corneal epithelium. A follow-up study 3 years after exposure showed excess irritation, eyelid infection, cataract, and a decrease in visual acuity, but corneal erosion was resolved. ... 

Yellow phosphorus fume causes severe eye irritation with blepharospasm, photophobia, and lacrimation the solid in the eye produces severe injury. Phosphorus burns on the skin are deep and painful a firm eschar is produced and is surrounded by vesiculation. ... 

In the eyes, the dusts cause a burning sensation, lacrimation, and conjunctival hyperemia, sometimes associated with photophobia. ... 

Aseptic meningitis syndrome-The incidence of this syndrome was 6%. Fever, headache, meningismus, and photophobia were the most commonly reported symptoms a combination of these 4 symptoms occurred in 5% of patients. Headache - Headache is frequently seen after any of the first few doses and may occur in any of the aforementioned neurologic syndromes or by itself. Seizures - Seizures, some accompanied by loss of consciousness or cardiorespiratory arrest, or death, have occurred independently or in conjunction with any of the neurologic syndromes described below. Patients predisposed to seizures may include those with the following conditions Acute tubular necrosis/uremia fever infection a precipitous fall in serum calcium fluid overload hypertension hypoglycemia, history of seizures and electrolyte imbalances those who are taking a medication concomitantly that may, by itself, cause seizures. 

Uses Mydriasis, ocular redness [OTC], pmop mydriasis, postmor synechiae, uveitis w/ postmor S5mechiae Action a-Adren gic agonist Dose Adults. Redness 1 gtt 0.12% q3-4h PRN Exam mydriasis 1 gtt 2.5% (15 min-1 h for effect) Preop 1 gtt 2.5-10% 30-60 min preop Ocular disorders 1 gtt 2.5-10% daily-tid Peds. As adult, only use 2.5% for exam, preop, and ocular conditions Caution [C (may cause late-tOTn fetal anoxia/bradycardia), +/-] HTN, w/ elderly w/ CAD Contra NAG Disp Ophth soln SE Tearing, HA, irritation, eye pain, photophobia, arrhythmia, tremor EMS None OD Unlikely but may cause exaggeration of nl SEs s5rmptomatic and supportive... 

Antimuscarinic drugs block contraction of the iris sphincter and ciliary muscles of the eye produced by ACh. This results in dilation of the pupil (mydriasis) and paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia), responses that cause photophobia and inability to focus on nearby objects. Ocular effects are produced only after higher parenteral doses. Atropine and scopolamine produce responses lasting several days when applied directly to the eyes. 

Idoxuridine may cause local irritation, mild edema, itching, and photophobia. Comeal clouding and small punctate defects in the corneal epithelium have been reported. Allergic reactions are rare. 

Use sunglasses when outside to prevent photophobia, may cause blurred vision... 

Albinism refers to a group of conditions in which a defect in tyrosine metabolism results in a deficiency in the production of melanin. These defects result in the partial or full absence of pigment from the skin, hair, and eyes. Albinism appears in different forms, and it may be inherited by one of several modes autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked. Complete albinism (also called tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism) results from a defi ciency of tyrosinase activity, causing a total absence of pigment from the hair, eyes, and skin (Figure 20.20). It is the most severe form of the condition. Affected people may appear to have white hair, skin, and iris color, and they may have vision defects. They also have photophobia (sunlight is painful to their eyes), they sun burn easily, and do not tan. 

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