Heart disease stroke

Serious adverse effects Coronary heart disease Stroke... 

In addition to their beneficial effects, some medications may actually cause cellular injury and disease. An example of this phenomenon involves nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). These drugs include aspirin (a derivative of salicylic acid), ibuprofen (arylpropionic acid, Advil ), and acetaminophen (para-aminophenol derivative, Tylenol ). Because of their beneficial pharmacological effects, consumption of these agents has increased significantly in recent years. NSAIDS have the ability to treat fever, pain, acute inflammation, and chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. They are also used prophylactically to prevent heart disease, stroke, and colon cancer. 

We still need much better medicines to cure cancer, heart disease, stroke, and Alzheimer s disease. We need better drugs to deal with obesity, diabetes, arthritis, and schizophrenia. The treatments of diabetes, arthritis, and mental defects such as schizophrenia or manic depression are not yet cures, just ways to keep the symptoms under control. Cures are needed. Insights from genetics may help guide us toward elegant and rational cures, but we will also make use of screens to identify natural products and libraries of randomly generated synthetic compounds (combinatorial chemistry). A semi-empirical approach may be the best hope over the next two decades to yield drugs to alleviate these diseases. 

Microvascular complications include retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Macrovascular complications include coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. 

Adverse effects of estrogen include nausea, headache, breast tenderness, and heavy bleeding. More serious adverse effects include increased risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, venous thromboembolism, breast cancer, and gallbladder disease. Transdermal estrogen is less likely than oral estrogen to cause nausea, headache, breast tenderness, gallbladder disease, and deep vein thrombosis. 

Diabetes is a global epidemic affecting more than 240 million people worldwide. The incidence of this disease is growing at an alarming rate, with 380 million cases predicted by 2025. Each year over 3.8 million people die from complications of diabetes, including heart disease, stroke and kidney failure. The vast majority... 

The results of the WHI (Women s Health Initiative) Estrogen Plus Progesterone clinical trial revealing increased incidence of breast cancer, heart disease, stroke, and dementia are provided in J. E. Rossouw et al., JAMA 288 321-333 (2002). 

Atherosclerosis is a condition of the organism characterized by elevated levels of atherogenic lipoproteins in blood plasma, lipid deposits (including cholesterol) in the form of esters inside walls of the arterial system, and it is expressed by a gradual difficulty of blood circulation. The most appropriate name for this disease is lipoproteinemia. Clinically, it is manifested in the form of ischemic heart disease, stroke, abnormal cerebral blood flow, and peripheral ischemia. 

Epidemiological data concerning the protective effect of ATi-blocker treatment on the sequelae of hypertensive disease (coronary heart disease, stroke, renal disease) are so far not available, but appropriate trials addressing this question are on the way. 

Cholesterol also contributes to the formation of deposits on the inner walls of blood vessels. However, these deposits harden and obstruct the flow of blood. This condition results in various heart diseases, strokes and high blood pressure, and a high level of cholesterol can be life-threatening. A number of vertebrate hormones, which govern a number of physiological functions, from growth to reproduction, are biosynthesized from cholesterol. 

I must admit that I was intrigued as I flipped through the journal and encountered repeated references to pH — here was something a chemist could really sink his teeth into. Scientists routinely use the pH scale to measure the acidity of a solution, be it blood, wine, or tap water but I never realized that the wrong pH could be killing us. Yet that is exactly what the Vaxa Journal contends. The pH Factor The Real Silent Killer, reads the headline. The solution to longevity is simple pop a Buffer-pH capsule daily and lower your risk of heart disease, stroke, cancer, obesity, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer s disease. 

Article on the role of integrins in cell-cell adhesion, and possible roles in arthritis, heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, and the spread of cancer. 

Americans are among the fattest people in the world. More than 35 percent are overweight and, as a result, have increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and cancer. About 35 million need to lose 35 pounds or more for health reasons. Today, for many people, eating provides social and emotional fulfillment rather than physical needs. Weight gain has come about because of reduced activity and increased fat consumption. 

Sibutramine (Meridia), a weight-loss drug introduced in 1998, inhibits the reuptake of the brain chemicals norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, but does not promote monoamine release like the amphetamines. Yet the drug has been linked to serious side effects, including rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, seizure, and mental impairments. In March 2002, Italy s Health Ministry announced that it was immediately withdrawing all sibutramine products from the market due to health-related problems. Also, Meridia was the subject of a class action lawsuit filed in the United States. 

Tobacco use, particularly smoking, is the number one cause of preventable death in the United States, causing 20% of all deaths. Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, lung and other forms of cancer, and chronic lung diseases—all leading causes of death. It is a major risk factor for a variety of other medical conditions as well. 

Figure 1 The relative 6-year mortality hazard ratios are shown for reported usual sleep hr from 2-3 hr/night to 10 or more hr/night, relative to 1.0 assigned to the hazard for 7 hr/night as the reference standard. The solid line with 95% confidence interval bars shows results from a 32-covariate Cox proportional hazards survival model, as reported previously (3). The dotted lines show data from models that excluded subjects who were not initially healthy, i.e., who died within the first year or whose questionnaires reported any cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, or current illness (a yes answer to the question are you sick at the present time ). The dot-dash lines with X symbols show models controlling only for age, insomnia, and use of sleeping pills. Data were from 635,317 women and 478,619 men. The thin solid lines with diamonds show the percent of subjects with each reported sleep duration (right axis).

Mouse models are critical for the discovery and development of novel therapeutics however, research has been minimally successful in decreasing the age-adjusted death rate for cancer. In 2003, for the first time since 1930, when epidemiological records were initiated, fewer people (<85 years old) died of cardiac disease as compared to cancer (1). This historic change was due to a 60%, 70%, and 0% decrease in mortality by heart disease, stroke and cancer, respectively. Tumor initiation, progression and metastasis, in contrast, represent a complex, multifactorial process that... 

Adverse effects. After long-term intake of estrogen/progestin preparations, increased risks have been reported for breast cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, and thromboembolism. Although the incidence of bone fractures also decreases, the risk-benefit relationship is unfavorable. Concerning the adverse effects of oral contraceptives, see p. 252. 2005 Thieme and conditions of license. 

Fries (FI 5) proposed that after traumatic deaths are excluded, the elimination of coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and various other chronic diseases would result in a maximum average life expectancy of 85 years. As these diseases become uncommon, he proposed that (a) the number of very old would not increase (b) the average period of decreased physical activity and vigor would decrease (c) chronic diseases would involve a smaller percentage of life span and (d) medical care needs in later life would decrease. Others, however, have argued against these predictions (S10). Nevertheless, from 1900 to 1990 there has been a definite rectangularization of the mortality curve (FI 5) in the United States, with a resultant compression of mortality (N6, N7). Thus, a person would ideally be healthy and both physically and mentally active until a very short time before a final illness strikes and death rapidly follows (Fig. 1). 

There is an association between the rare inborn recessive condition of homocystinemia and arterial and venous thrombosis, and observational data link coronary heart disease, stroke, and venous thromboembolism with increasing plasma homocysteine (Wald et al. 2002, 2004). This led to trials of foUc acid and pyridoxine supplementation to lower homocysteine levels (Hankey 2002 Hankey and Eikelboom 2005). Results from such trials have so far been disappointing the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention Study (VISP) and the Norwegian Vitamin Trial (NORVIT) (Toole et al. 2004 Bonaa et al. 2006) trials showed no treatment effect on recurrent stroke, coronary events or deaths. Preliminary results from the Study of Vitamins to Prevent Stroke (VITATOPS) trial have shown no evidence of reduced levels of iirflammation, endothelial dysfunction, or the hypercoagulability postulated to be increased by elevated homocysteine levels in patients with previous TIA or stroke treated with foUc acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin Bs... 

More than 31,000 excessive noncancer deaths were seen at doses higher than 0.5 Sv (500 mSv) as significant excesses of heart disease, stroke, digestive diseases, and respiratory diseases. 

But how can you measure the activity you need to achieve health and vitality and to prevent heart disease, stroke, and other diseases, including hypertension ... 

Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Morris RW. Metabolic syndrome vs. Framingham risk score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch. Int. Med. 2005 165 2644-2650. 

Another major disease, affecting millions of people, that is linked to obesity is diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by an inability of the body to metabolise carbohydrates and control blood sugar levels. Some people, having type I diabetes mellitus, are bom with the disease. Type II, or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, is acquired over time, but can be serious nonetheless. Both kinds of diabetes are a major cause of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and early death. People who are obese are much more likely to develop type n diabetes. 

Because hypertension is usually a silent disease, most patients do not experience symptoms that remind them of the need for taking medications. Without symptoms, it is more difficult to establish a link in the patient s mind between taking the medication and controlling hypertension and its complications. Because patients often do not feel or perceive the benefits of their treatment, the first step in enhancing adherence is to educate them about hypertension and its serious complications, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and renal failure. 

Cooper R, Cutler J, Desvigne-Nickens P, et al. Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States Findings of the National Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Circulation 2000 102 3137-3147. 

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