Coronary heart disease stroke

Serious adverse effects Coronary heart disease Stroke... 

Microvascular complications include retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Macrovascular complications include coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. 

Adverse effects of estrogen include nausea, headache, breast tenderness, and heavy bleeding. More serious adverse effects include increased risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, venous thromboembolism, breast cancer, and gallbladder disease. Transdermal estrogen is less likely than oral estrogen to cause nausea, headache, breast tenderness, gallbladder disease, and deep vein thrombosis. 

Epidemiological data concerning the protective effect of ATi-blocker treatment on the sequelae of hypertensive disease (coronary heart disease, stroke, renal disease) are so far not available, but appropriate trials addressing this question are on the way. 

Adverse effects. After long-term intake of estrogen/progestin preparations, increased risks have been reported for breast cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, and thromboembolism. Although the incidence of bone fractures also decreases, the risk-benefit relationship is unfavorable. Concerning the adverse effects of oral contraceptives, see p. 252. 2005 Thieme and conditions of license. 

Fries (FI 5) proposed that after traumatic deaths are excluded, the elimination of coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and various other chronic diseases would result in a maximum average life expectancy of 85 years. As these diseases become uncommon, he proposed that (a) the number of very old would not increase (b) the average period of decreased physical activity and vigor would decrease (c) chronic diseases would involve a smaller percentage of life span and (d) medical care needs in later life would decrease. Others, however, have argued against these predictions (S10). Nevertheless, from 1900 to 1990 there has been a definite rectangularization of the mortality curve (FI 5) in the United States, with a resultant compression of mortality (N6, N7). Thus, a person would ideally be healthy and both physically and mentally active until a very short time before a final illness strikes and death rapidly follows (Fig. 1). 

There is an association between the rare inborn recessive condition of homocystinemia and arterial and venous thrombosis, and observational data link coronary heart disease, stroke, and venous thromboembolism with increasing plasma homocysteine (Wald et al. 2002, 2004). This led to trials of foUc acid and pyridoxine supplementation to lower homocysteine levels (Hankey 2002 Hankey and Eikelboom 2005). Results from such trials have so far been disappointing the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention Study (VISP) and the Norwegian Vitamin Trial (NORVIT) (Toole et al. 2004 Bonaa et al. 2006) trials showed no treatment effect on recurrent stroke, coronary events or deaths. Preliminary results from the Study of Vitamins to Prevent Stroke (VITATOPS) trial have shown no evidence of reduced levels of iirflammation, endothelial dysfunction, or the hypercoagulability postulated to be increased by elevated homocysteine levels in patients with previous TIA or stroke treated with foUc acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin Bs... 

Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Morris RW. Metabolic syndrome vs. Framingham risk score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch. Int. Med. 2005 165 2644-2650. 

Because hypertension is usually a silent disease, most patients do not experience symptoms that remind them of the need for taking medications. Without symptoms, it is more difficult to establish a link in the patient s mind between taking the medication and controlling hypertension and its complications. Because patients often do not feel or perceive the benefits of their treatment, the first step in enhancing adherence is to educate them about hypertension and its serious complications, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and renal failure. 

Cooper R, Cutler J, Desvigne-Nickens P, et al. Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States Findings of the National Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. Circulation 2000 102 3137-3147. 

These include diseases as different as coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, osteoporosis, arthritis, depression and dementia.29... 

Tea is the second most widely consumed beverage in the world after water. Regular intake of tea is associated with improved antioxidant status in vivo, which may contribute to lowering the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer. There are three major categories of tea the nonfermented green tea, the partially fermented oolong tea, and the fully fermented black tea. Besides these three major teas, other teas, such as white tea and Pn-erh tea, have also been introduced to the Western marketplace in recent years. 

Collaboration ERF, Erqou S, Kaptoge S et al. Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonvascnlar mortality. 

Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes afresh look at the evidence. Lipids. 2010, 45 893-905. 

Phenolic acids are plant metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom. Recent interest in phenolic acids stems from the potential protection they offer against oxidative damage diseases (e.g., coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancers) when consumed in fruits and vegetables. This chapter discusses the functicai of plant phenolic acids associated with diverse roles, including nutrient uptake, protein synthesis, photosynthesis, and allelopathy. It also provides an update of the... 

The literature provides information that correlates a diet rich in phenolic acids with the maintenance of health and disease prevention. The high antioxidant contents in fruits and vegetables inhibit oxidative damage diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancers [40-42]. Certain foods are even classified as functional foods, owing to their established protective effects on human health. 

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