Hazardous Conditions.Part

The equipment set-up must be designed for safe operations. For decarboxylation of the pyridinone 9 (Figure 14.5), it was necessary to heat the reaction to 230°C the product 10 (mp 124—126°C) sublimes under these conditions [9]. Condensation of the product on the surface of the vent system could have impeded the exit of C02, which would lead to very hazardous conditions under the high reaction temperatures. The vent system was designed to accommodate the maximum rate of C02 evolution, and all parts of the vent system were heated to over 135°C to prevent condensation of 10. Vaporized 10 was trapped in a scrubber charged with 6% NaOH. 

Lots of recommendations for changes could be generated from this part of the analysis, such as providing rigorous procedures for hazard analysis when a hazardous condition is detected and training and assigning personnel to do such an analysis. Better communication channels are also indicated, particularly problem reporting channels. 

Safety interlocks, common to machinery, provide a means either of preventing operator access to a hazardous area until the hazard is removed or of automatically removing the hazardous condition (i.e., electric shock, moving parts) when access is gained. Safety interlocks have special requirements, such as fail-safe design, positive opening, and nonoverridable type. 

According to 29 CFR 1926.28(a), you are responsible for requiring the use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in all operations where there is an exposure to hazardous conditions or where Part 1926 indicates the need for using such equipment to reduce the hazards to employees. An OSHA letter of interpretation explains that this regulation is written in such a manner that it requires you to protect against all known and recognized hazards. 

Again, contamination is a material in an unwanted place. Decontamination is the act of removing this material to a more stable, permanent condition. A simple example is when flour is spilled on a counter. The contamination is the flour and decontamination is the act of cleaning it up. The flour could be put back in a container or thrown away but the dirtiest (most hazardous) part of fhe job is moving the flour residue from where it is to where it belongs. In decontamination, one must change the condition or location of the contamination, often creating more hazardous conditions in the interim, before the situation is stabilized. This is why it is so important that the worker knows the characteristics of the contamination, environment, work objectives, and procedures. 

Affected parts of the building must have the capacity to sustain all the loads imposed by the equipment. The affected parts of the building must be designed to allow the equipment to be used without exposing employees to a hazardous condition. 

BS 5304 1988 defines a fixed guard as a guard with no moving parts. A more flexible definition could be a guard attached to a machine by a simple fixing method which is not linked to the controls, motion or hazardous condition of a machine since this permits the use of moving parts to provide access for material or utilising a telescopic device. 

OSHA also requires the provision, use, and maintenance of personal protective equipment when there is an exposure to hazardous conditions that could cause injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation, or physical contact. This includes the need to use gloves, gowns, masks, eye protectors, and/or resuscitation equipment when appropriate for rendering first aid or other medical assistance to prevent contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials. 

Accidental Release Conditions. The CAAAs include requirements for preventing and minimizing the consequences of accidental releases of hazardous substances. Part of the law required the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to promulgate a chemical process safety management standard to protect workers from hazards associated with accidental releases of extremely hazardous chemicals in the workplace. The final standard, called the Process Hazard Safety Standard, was published in the Federal Register on February 24,1992. 

Causal Analysis and Modelling is the first part of the modeUing process. The aim of causal analysis is to identify all the events/causes, and all the intermediate conditions that lead to a hazardous condition (Lucic, 2005d). 

Compressed air shall not be used to remove lead from any surface unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with a ventilation system designed to capture the airborne dust created by the compressed air. Figure 4.6 shows the parts of a vacuum with a HEPA filter that is intended for use in lead-hazard conditions. Figure 4.7 shows an example of proper cleaning procedures. 

It is the intent of our organization to comply with all rules and apphcable laws.To do this, we must constantly be aware of conditions in aU work areas that can produce injuries. No employee is required to work at a job that is not safe. Your cooperation in detecting hazards is part of your job.You must inform your supervisor immediately of any situation beyond your ability or authority to correct. ... 

Without proper training, an employee might not be able to recognize a hazardous condition, or might create a hazardous condition that could lead to injury. Proper maintenance of all electrical equipment is an important part of the injury and incident prevention process. Routine maintenance programs are a must for any industrial operation. Anyone associated with electrical service and/or maintenance must be knowledgeable and authorized to perform the duties. 

Hazard identification involves gathering and evaluating data on the types of health injury or disease that may be produced by a chemical and on the conditions of exposure under which injury or disease is produced. It may also involve characterization of the behavior of a chemical within the body and the interactions it undergoes with organs, cells, or even parts of cells. Hazard identification is not risk assessment. It is a scientific determination of whether observed toxic effects in one setting will occur in other settings. 

Hazardous Materials and Conditions The chemical and physical situations that can result when operating with hazardous materials should be understood so these materials may be handled safely. This part covers the following ... 

Instrumentation (Arthur D. Little, Inc., and Levine, 1986.) Instrument systems are an essential part of the safe design and operation of systems for storing and handling highly toxic hazardous materials. They are key elements of systems to eliminate the threat of conditions that could result in loss of containment. They are also used for early detection of releases so that mitigating ac tion can be taken before these releases result in serious effects on people in the plant or in the public sector, or on the environment. 

This part deals with the specifications, performance, characteristics and behaviour of motors under different operating conditions, their application and selection. It also covers aspects such as shock loading, motors for hazardous locations and open transient conditions in HT motors during a switching sequence. 

Not all existing procedures or program elements of the overall health and safety program need to be incorporated into the HASP. For example, if noise is a hazard, the plan does not have to cite the entire hearing conservation program. Procedures already established elsewhere may be referenced, as applicable. In another example, if a confined-space-entry procedure is required, the HASP could reference the particular procedure which is part of the overall program. The next step would be to identify confined spaces at the worksite where the procedure applies, and then provide appropriate implementation procedures (e.g., conditions to be monitored, evaluation of the space, issuance of an entry permit). If special operational procedures apply to the worksite, they can be attached to the HASP using an appendix. 

Analyses are types of calculations but may be comparative studies, predictions, and estimations. Examples are stress analysis, reliability analysis, hazard analysis. Analyses are often performed to detect whether the design has any inherent modes of failure and to predict the probability of occurrence. The analyses assist in design improvement and the prevention of failure, hazard, deterioration, and other adverse conditions. Analyses may need to be conducted as the end-use conditions may not be reproducible in the factory. Assumptions may need to be made about the interfaces, the environment, the actions of users, etc. and analysis of such conditions assists in determining characteristics as well as verifying the inherent characteristics. (See also in Part 2 Chapter 14 under Detecting design weaknesses.)... 

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