Causal analysis

In the first of the following subsections, the data coDection approaches adopted in most CPI incident reporting systems will be described. The fact that these systems provide little support for systematically gathering data on underlying causes will provide an introduction to the later sections which emphasize causal analysis techniques. 

The overall conclusion that can be drawn from a survey of CPI data collection systems is that the better systems do attempt to address the causes of human error. However, because of the lack of knowledge about the factors which influence errors, the causal information that is collected may not be very useful in developing remedial strategies. General information in areas such as severity, work control aspects and the technical details of the incident will be required in all data collection systems. However, in almost all cases a structured process for causal analysis is lacking. Some of the requirements for causal analysis are set out in the following sections. 

As discussed earlier, most data collection systems in the CPI place considerable emphasis on the "what," but provide little support for the "how" or "why." Causal analysis methods can be broadly divided into techniques which emphasize the structure of an accident and those which focus on causes. Structural techniques provide information on the "what" and "how," and the causal techniques enable the "why" to be investigated. 

When the diagram is complete, the analyst proceeds through it to identify sets of events that were critical in the accident sequence. These critical events are then subjected to a further causal analysis using other techniques such as root cause coding, described below in Section 6.8.4. 

Clayton RR, Voss HL Young men and drugs in Manhattan a causal analysis. NIDA Res Monogr 39 1—187, 1981... 

To obtain the mass emissions of pollutants from e-waste recycling processes, it is essential that the inputs of pollutants are truly e-waste related. To fulfill this requirement, a causal analysis is desirable. However, the concept of causation is rather problematic because causal mechanisms are complex [26]. Nonetheless, we are compelled to identify causes, in an attempt to minimize the uncertainties associated with our estimates. In this chapter, the strict empiricist, David Hume s empirical criterion, was adopted. This approach requires only a combination of (1) e-waste processing and environmental pollution are associated in space and time (contiguity) (2) e-waste processing precede to environmental pollution (temporal succession) and (3) e-waste processing is always conjoined with environmental pollution (consistent conjunction). These are always the cases judged from a number of previous studies [6, 27-35]. 

The timeline tool pulls all of this information together into a manageable record of events and sequence providing a perspective conducive to proper causal analysis. 

Miniard, P.W., Bhatla, S., Randall, L. and Rose, R.L. (1990) On the formation and relationship of ad and brand attitudes An experimental and causal analysis. Journal of Marketing Research 27, 290-303. 

More spedfically, I shall argue that Marx himself offers an alternative framework that allows fora much more predseand fertile analysis. On this view, social science explanations are seen as three-tiered. First, there is a causal explanation of mental states, such as desires and beliefs (1.3.1). Next, there is intentional explanation of individual action in terms of the underlying beliefs and desires (1.2). Finally, there is causa) explanation of aggregate phenomena in terms of the individual actions that go into them. The last form is the specifically Marxist contribution to the methodology of the social sciences. I discuss it fust as a particular mode of causal analysis (1.3.2) and then again as a particular form of dialectical reasoning (1.5.3). 

In the threC tiered scheme of explanation suggested above, two varieties of causal analysis were involved. First, there are the causal explanations of preferences and other mental states, such as beliefs, emotions etc. I shall refer to this as explanation in terms of sub-intentional causality. Next, there are the causal explanations of aggregate social phenomena as the resultant outcome of many individual actions. This 1 refer to as supra-intentional causality. Metaphorically, the causal mechanisms involved in both cases can be said to operate "behind the back" of the individuals concerned. True, Marx uses that phrase only to refer to supra-intentional causality - the production of unintended consequences that thwart our efforts and subvert our aims. Yet the expression is equally apt as a characterization of the psychic causality that, unbeknown to the agent, shapes his beliefs and desires. Although Marx is best known for his study of supra-intentional causality, one aim of the present work is to argue that he was also a pioneer in the study of preference formation and - especially - belief formation. 

Sometimes the plan for organizing your causal analysis paper will be suggested by your subject matter often, however, you ll have to devote some of your prewriting time to deciding, first, whether you want to emphasize causes or effects and, then, in what arrangement you will present your analysis. 

What is the subject and purpose of your causal analysis essay Is this subject appropriately narrowed and focused for a discussion of major causes or effects ... 

How does Meyer conclude his essay Does the ending successfully wrap up his causal analysis Why or why not ... 

As you write your rough drafts, consult Chapter 5 for guidance through the revision process. In addition, here are a few questions to ask yourself as you revise your causal analysis essay ... 

After you have completed your essay developed by causal analysis, take a moment to measure your progress as a writer by responding to the following questions. Such analysis will help you recognize growth in your writing skills and may enable you to identify areas that are still problematic. 

Causal Analysis Would explaining causes or effects add important information ... 

Explain why. . . Discuss the causes of.. . Show the influence of.. . Causal Analysis... 

Explam)President Truman s(reasorig)for bombing Japan during World War II and then (defend or attack) Truman s decision, [causal analysis and argument]... 

Thus, the EPA opts for a causal analysis (that parallels and updates Hill s initial work consisting of nine criteria) forjudging causation (EPA 2005) ... 

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