Hazard product

Substitution If intensification is not possible, then an alternative is to consider using a safer material in place of a hazardous one. Thus it may be possible to replace flammaole solvents, refrigerants, and heat-transfer media by nonflammable or less flammable (high-boiling) ones, hazardous products by safer ones, and processes which use hazardous raw materials or intermediates by processes which do not. As an example of the latter, the product manufactured at Bhopal (carbatyl) was made from three raw materials. Methyl isocyanate is formed as an intermediate. It is possible to react the same raw materials in a different order so that a different and less hazardous intermediate is formed. 

In general, the environmental consequences resulting from emissions generated by the combustion of treated wood and the chemicals used to treat them are not well understood. Combustion of the materials involved in the incident unquestionably produced hazardous products of incomplete combustion emissions (e.g., dioxins and furans). 

Safety valve releases are routed to blowdown drums when the presence of liquid, toxic properties or other factors would make discharge to the atmosphere hazardous. Product and intermediate process streams may need to be diverted to alternative disposal if they are off-specification (e.g., during startup) or in the event of emergency shutdown of downstream equipment. 

Inspection is also an important activity in the regulation of international trade through the certification of vehicles and containers used for transporting hazardous products and for providing foreign purchasers with evidence that manufactured goods comply with specification before they leave the country of origin. The essential characteristics of and requirements for an inspection authority are ... 

The safety policy for the company, although common in most parts with the safety policy for every company, may require being prepared in detail. This would naturally cover any process, hazardous product or procedure specific to the organization. In preparing the policy, it is essential to ensure that parts referred to in Section 2(3) of the 1974 Act are covered, i.e. ... 

The LPG stream containing a mixture of C s and C4 s must be treated to remove hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan. This produces a noncorrosive, less odorous, and less hazardous product. The C s and C4 s from the debutanizer accumulator flow to the bottom of the H S contactor. The operation of this contactor is similar to that of the fuel gas absorber, except that this is a liquid-liquid contactor. 

In many countries starter batteries are almost 100 percent recycled PVC separators can cause some problems here [67]. A prior separation of PVC from other battery components, which is quite tedious, would be desirable, because a PVC content decreases the recycling purity of the container polypropylene and makes further processing of this plastic more difficult. Also, any chlorine compounds liberated can form environmentally hazardous products with other substances the usual remedy is to install costly filter stations, with the residues representing possibly toxic wastes requiring special disposal methods. 

Reduction in VOC emissions Reduced user exposure to harmful materials Reduced hazardous production waste Possibly less expensive Stability of formulation at low temperatures Acceptability of drying rate Energy costs for drying Adequacy of corrosion resistance Wear properties High gloss properties Storage stability Water resistance... 

Consider the case of the production of peroxy esters (e.g. tert-buty] peroxy 2-ethyl hexanoate), based on the reaction between the corresponding acid chloride and the hydroperoxide in the presence of NaOH or KOH. These are highly temperature sensitive and violently unstable, and solvent impurities are detrimental in their applications for polymerization. Batch operations to produce even 1000 tpa will be unsafe. A continuous reactor can overcome most of the problems and claims have been made for producing purer chemicals at lower capital and operation cost the use of solvent can be avoided. Continuous reactors can produce seven to ten times more material per unit volume than batch processes. Since the amount of hazardous product present in the unit at any given time is small, protective barrier walls may be unneccessary (Kohn, 1978). 

D. High hazard product warehouses lun oid unstable materials, law flash fiammebie liquids, or highly combustible solid. These require special consideration. 

Because of the lack of suitable standard rate of heat, smoke and toxic gas generation tests, the 1988 UK regulations are based on ignition resistance of individual materials. This contradicts the basic requirements for the fire testing of composites and of hazard related tests and as such it may be possible to develop materials which meet the requirements but which produce hazardous products. 

However, for the receipt and treatment of information about the status of hazardous productions in general and especially in cases of failure due to terrorist acts, it is necessary to establish the necessary informative ducting in advance. Under informative channel we mean the way information transfer is done, regardless of the facilities, which includes the system of information transfer, system of transport of information and eventual system or systems for reception of information. Directions of information flow can change depending on active jobs. 

Many hazardous operations require the use of pipelines to convey product material from one location to another. In time, these pipelines become lined with the hazardous product to the extent they could serve as a media for propagation of an incident from station to station. Therefore, periodically cleaning these lines of the hazardous residue is important to operational safety. Additionally, removing accumulations of residue in the pipelines will increase flow volume, operating efficiency, and will minimize the possibility of product contamination. 

The means by which a quench system works depends on the nature of the reactive material e.g., for water-reactive materials, a quench system will destroy the material in a last-resort situation and generally form less-hazardous products, and will at the same time absorb some of the heat of reaction. Most quench systems are designed to both cool down and dilute a material that may be reacting uncontrollably the quenching medium may also actually interfere with the chemical reaction or deactivate a catalyst. 

Consumer Product Safety Act, enacted in 1972, created the Consumer Product Safety Commission and gives the Commission authority to issue mandatory safety standards, ban hazardous products, investigate safety of products, and use other forms of corrective action. 

On the aesthetic side, it is likely that intensified process plants will be less intrusive on the environment, making them far less of an eyesore than the unsightly and massive constructions that are characteristic of present processing units. In some cases the plant may be mobile, thereby offering the opportunity for distributed manufacturing of chemicals close to the point of utilisation. This may reduce the quantities of hazardous products currently being transported by road and rail, thereby improving safety. The... 

Swartz, E. M., Hazardous Products Litigation, Lawyers Cooperative Pub-lishing/Bancroft-Whitney, Rochester/San Francisco, 1974, p. 416. 

Rank Substance name G = gas) Biotechnological treatment with formation of nonhazardous or less hazardous products... 

Sorption of hazardous products of combustion and their biodegradation. 

In the year 2000, poison centers in the United States responded to nearly two and half million incidents, mosdy home exposures to chemical products, animal bites, and poisonous plants. Over 50% involved children under the age of six. In all, 24,024 incidents resulted in medical outcomes deemed major , and there were 1711 deaths. Almost half (46%) stemmed from exposure to pharmaceutical products. Of the remaining exposures, the largest groups resulted from cosmetics and personal care products and household cleaners. Although the large number of incidents says more about the ubiquity of potentially hazardous products in the home than about their toxicity, the numbers also point out the extent of the potential dangers if products are toxic or if medical aid is not rapidly received. Many more deaths and serious injuries would occur if not for the rapid intervention of poison centers. 

Minimize purchase of toxic or otherwise hazardous products. 

Dispose of hazardous products in accordance with local regulations. 

Site contains information on managing and disposing of household hazardous products and waste. 

Uses process chemicals that are nonexplosive and contain no hazardous products. 

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