Polyamide copolymers

The polyamide copolymer of dodecanoic acid with methylenedi(cyclohexylamine) (MDCHA, PACM) was sold as continuous filament yam fiber under the tradename QIANA. As late as 1981, over 145,000 t was produced using high percentages, typically 80%, of trans, trans MDCHA isomer. The low melting raffinate coproduct left after t,t isomer separation by fractional crystallisation was phosgenated to produce a Hquid aUphatic diisocyanate marketed by Du Pont as Hylene W. Upon terrnination of their QIANA commitment, Du Pont sold the urethane intermediate product rights to Mobay, who now markets the 20% trans, trans—50% cis, trans—30% cis, cis diisocyanate isomer mixture as Desmodur W. In addition to its use in polyamides and as an isocyanate precursor, methylenedi (cyclohexyl amine) is used directiy as an epoxy curative. The Hquid diamine mixture identified historically as PACM-20 is marketed as AMICURE PACM by Anchor Chemical for performance epoxies. 

Fig. 3. Melting point versus composition for polyamide copolymers. The comonomers employed are adipic acid, forming adipamide copolymers (O), and...

Aromatic nitrations, 17 160-161 by-products of, 17 161 kinetics of, 17 162 Aromatic nitriles, 17 243 Aromatic nucleophilic displacement, polyimide synthesis via, 20 273 Aromatic phosphines, 19 60, 62 Aromatic poly(monosulfide ketone)s, 23 709 Aromatic poly(monosulfide)s, 23 706 Aromatic polyamide copolymers, laboratory synthesis of, 19 720 Aromatic polyamide fibers, 24 614 Aromatic polyamides, 10 210-212 19 713-738. See also Aliphatic polyamides (PA)... 

It is an alternating polyamide copolymer of glycine (H N-CH -COOH) and amino caproic acid [H2N (0112)5 COOH] and is biodegradable. Can you write the structure of this copolymer ... 

Grilamid Polyamide copolymer with polyether/polyester nylon-12 EMS America Grilon... 

EMA copolymer Acrylic Polyester fiber Polyamide copolymer with polyether/polyester Epoxy and PVC powders Nylon-6 Acrylic fibers Poromeric film Vinyl Vinyl PVC... 

An aromatic polyamide copolymer composites was also prepared as illustrated below ... 

The above thermal analysis studies demonstrated the enhanced thermal stability of POSS materials, and suggested that there is potential to improve the flammability properties of polymers when compounded with these macromers. In a typical example of their application as flame retardants, a U.S. patent39 described the use of preceramic materials, namely, polycarbosilanes (PCS), polysilanes (PS), polysilsesquioxane (PSS) resins, and POSS (structures are shown in Figure 8.6) to improve the flammability properties of thermoplastic polymers such as, polypropylene and thermoplastic elastomers such as Kraton (polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene, SBS) and Pebax (polyether block-polyamide copolymer). 

Polyamide copolymers containing a macromolecular graft substituent were prepared by condensing 4-amino-benzoic acid or a mixture of 1,4-phenylene diamine and adipic acid with 33%, 66%, and 90% 5-(poly(n-butylacrylate)cysteine macromonomer. A second macromolecular monomer, 5-(poly(methyl methacrylate)-cysteine, was also prepared and free radically copolymerized with perfluoromethyl methacrylate. 

A number of polyamide copolymers are known to have practical uses. The copolymers include those with different amides such as poly(caprolactam-co-laurolactam), poly(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexandiamine-co-2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexandiamnie-co-1,4-benzendicarboxylic acid), poly(s-caprolactam-co-hexamethylene diamine-co-terephthalic acid), poly(hexamethylenediamine-co-terephthalic acid-co-isophthalic acid), etc. The addition of longer alkyl chains in an aromatic polymeric amide may improve some mechanical properties, but thermal resilience is in general reduced. For example, poly(hexamethylenediamine-co-m-xylylenediamine-co-isophthalic acid-co-terephthalic acid) starts decomposing at about 310° C, significantly lower than Nomex , for example. The same decrease in the decomposition temperature is seen for other mixed copolymers such as nylon 12 copolymers that include cycloaliphatic and aromatic segments. 

Blends of polyamide copolymers with butyl acrylate copolymers (Durethan C, with PA being a copolymer of e-caprolactam and other monomers) can be blown into films. The recommended processing conditions are screws having L/D = 25-33 and compression ratio = 3.5-4.0, barrel feed zone at T = 225-260°C and melt temperature of T = 250-280°C. For multi-layer films, adhesion between layers can be achieved either by addition of an adhesion promoter to either of the two materials or (preferably) by co-extrusion with an adhesive layer. 

Nyloprint, of BASF is a solid type of photosensitizer compound coated plate, around 1967. The solid photopolymerizing material is a combination of an alcohol-soluble polyamide (such as a polyamide copolymer of hexamethylene diammonium adipate and e-caprolactam), a vinyl monomer (such as bis-acrylamide, hexamethylene bis-acrylamide, triethylene glycol diacrylate, etc.), a photo-initiator such as benzoin methyl ether, and an inhibitor (such as hydroquinone) and maleic anhydride to function as a... 

Plage, B. and Schulten, H. R., P5nx)lysis-Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Polyamide Copolymers and Blends, /. Appl. Polym. Sci, 38, 123, 1989. 

Fig. 4.53 Influence of carbon black content and type on notched Charpy impact strength of different polyamides copolymers in dry state [09Kro].

V. Barbi, S. S. Funari, R. Gehrke, N. Schamagl, N. Stribeck, SAXS and gas transport in poly(ether-block-polyamide) copolymer membranes. Macromolecules, 36, 749-758 (2003). 

Polyamide copolymers are usually designed to make amorphous materials which give no crystallinity to the polymer structure. One such amorphous polyamide is Griiamid TR55 and is a polymer made from the three monomers shown in Figure 6.220. 

Low-temperature process Production of relatively pure CO2 stream Both chemical and physical absorption are mature technologies Commercial polymeric membranes are available (polyimide, polysulfone, polyether-polyamide copolymer, etc.) and can be used with an adsorption liquid (e.g. MEA)... 

Property Copolymers Polyvinyl Acetate Polyurethane Polyamides Copolymer Polyamide... 

Structural studies of polymer surfaces. Materials that have been studied include PMMA [239], PMMA-polypyrrole composites [240], polyfchloromethyl styrene) honnd 1,4,8,11-tetrazacyclotetradecane, polyfchloromethyl styrene) honnd thenoyl triflnoroacetone [241], poly(dimethyl siloxane)-polyamide copolymers [242], PS [243], ion-implanted PE [244], monoazido-terminated polyethylene oxide [245], polynrethanes [246], polyaniline [247], flnorinated polymer films [248], poly(o-tolnidine) [249], polyetherimide and poly benzimidazole [250], polyfnllerene palladinm [251], imidazole-containing imidazolylethyl maleamic acid-octadecyl vinyl ether copolymer [252], polyphenylene vinylene ether [253], thiophene oligomers [254], flnorinated styrene-isoprene derivative of a methyl methacrylate-hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer [255], polythiophene [256], dibromoalkane-hexaflnorisopropylidene diphenol and bisphenol A [257], and geopolymers [258]. 

Proteins and peptides in their primary stracture are hnear polyamide copolymers of L-a-amino adds. There are 20 DNA-encoded amino acids, and a wide variety of other (modified) amino acids. Proteins are peptides with more than 40-50 amino acids, which in fact is quite an arbitrary number. Before being biologically active, a protein, after translation from its gene, will (partly) fold into a-hehces and P-sheets,... 

Froehling, P. E. Dendrimers and dyes-a review. Dyes and pigments, 48, 187-195 (2001). Jikei, M., Fujii. K., and Kakimoto, M. Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched aromatic polyamide copolymers prepared from AB and AB monomers. Macromol. Symp., 2003,199,223-232 (2001). 

Casu, A. Camino, G. De Giorgi, M. Flath, D. Morone, V. Zenoni, R. Fire-retardant mechanistic aspects of melamine cyanurate in polyamide copolymer. Polym Degrad. Stab. 1997, 58, 297-302. 

Polyamide copolymers and terpolymers of short chain monomers. 

Pure nylon 6/6 (see Example 2.4E for the structure) is a white, opaque plastic at room temperature. If isophthahc acid (HOOC COOH, with the acids in the meta positions, on the first and third carbons) is substituted for adipic acid in the polymerization, a rigid, transparent plastic is obtained. By varying the ratio of the two acids, one can get a series of polyamide copolymers. Sketch a phase diagram like Figure 6.6 for these copolymers. Be sure to show which repeating unit goes with each composition extreme and also show the room temperature. 

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