Commercial status

The commercial status of metal anodes for oxygen-evolving appHcations maybe summarized as foUows ... 

Thus, CIS is a promising photovoltaic material, but improved processing techniques are needed to achieve commercial production of advanced high efficiency CIS alloy materials. Table 1 summarizes the laboratory and commercial status of significant PV technology. 

Halogenation. Halogens and halogen acids add readily to the unsaturated carbon linkages of the cyclopentadiene molecule. By such additions a series of halogenated derivatives range, in the case of the chloride, from 3-chlotocydopentene to tetrachlorocyclopentane. Of all the possible chloto derivatives of CPD, only hexachlorocyclopentadiene [77-47-4] ever reached commercial status. It was used as an insecticide, but this use has been discontinued because of its toxicity (see Chlorocarbons and chlorohydrocarbons, toxic aromatics). It can be prepared by a Hquid phase chlorination of CPD below 50°C (29). 

Of the removal processes that have attained commercial status, the current favorite employs a shiny of lime or limestone. The activity of the reagent is promoted by the addition of small amounts of carboxylic acids such as adipic acid. The gas and the shiny are contacted in a spray tower. The calcium salt is discarded. A process that employs aqueous sodium citrate, however, is suited for the recoveiy of elemental sulfur. The citrate solution is regenerated and recycled. (Kohl and Riesenfeld, Gas Purification, Gulf, 1985, p. 356.)... 

Because the polybutadiene component is liable to oxidation, ABS materials are embrittled on prolonged exposure to sunlight. By replacing polybutadiene rubber with other elastomers that contain no main chain double bonds it has been possible to produce blends generally similar to ABS but with improved weathering resistance. Three particular types that have achieved commercial status are ... 

Many other copolymers are mentioned in the literature and some of these have reached commercial status in the plastics or some related industry. The reason for the activity usually lies in the hope of finding a polymer which is of low cost, water white and rigid but which has a greater heat resistance and toughness than polystyrene. This hope has yet to be fulfilled. 

Most researchers were not apparently aware of earlier CNT preparations in the context of ultra-thin vapour-grown carbon fibres (VGCF). This type of CNT is termed pyrolytic (PCNT) and its preparation shows promise of large-scale synthesis. Needless to say, it is of practical importance to provide sufficient CNTs at reasonable cost. This chapter highlights the preparation methods, structural characteristics and current commercial status of PCNTs and includes a description of the devices used hitherto to obtain aligned PCNTs. By way of... 

Coal is currently economically useful only in plants that are equipped for large-scale handling of solids, and it is used only indirectly as a raw material for chemical synthesis. Accordingly, there has been considerable research on processes for converting coal into gaseous or liquid fuels and chemicals. Only gasification has advanced to commercial status. 

II. B polyethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, polystyrene, diisocyanates (urethanes), polyvinylchloride, chloroprene, THF, diglycolide, dilac-tide, <5-valerolactone, substituted e-caprolactones, 4-vinyl anisole, styrene, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate. In addition to these species, many copolymers have been prepared from oligomers of PCL. In particular, a variety of polyester-urethanes have been synthesized from hydroxy-terminated PCL, some of which have achieved commercial status (9). Graft copolymers with acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, and styrene have been prepared using PCL as the backbone polymer (60). 

The first proteins from transgenic plants to reach commercial status were avidin and P-glucuronidase (GUS) both of which are used as diagnostic agents in molecular biology. An important principle demonstrated by these case studies is that molecular farming in cereals can be an economical alternative even when the natural source of a protein is abundant (i.e. egg whites for avidin, and Escherichia coli for GUS) and where a market is already established. 

Many new and improved processes have been invented in the six years that have passed since the completion of the first edition of this work, and many have been commercialized. These processes are now included in this dictionary, and the commercial status of the established processes has been updated wherever possible. 

Maintenance of current commercial status quo. At a few locations, the decision has been made to continue operation of the facility without disruption, so long as NAPL product and dissolved chemicals do not exit the boundary of the facility or provide a risk to workers or the environment at the site. Hydraulic containment of the aquifer is the procedure that is usually selected for these sites. A system including recovery wells and injection wells can often be operated to balance the subsurface flux so that product loss equals product recovery at a minimal cost. 

Selectivity Process Complexity Commercial Status References... 

Commercial status is another major criterion. Industry generally tends to be suspicious of processes which have not been proved in commercial application. Therefore, processes with multiple installations in the same service as the currently proposed application, of the same scale or larger, will generally be preferred, even if at a somewhat higher projected cost, than processes which do not meet these criteria. 

The selection of a sulfur recovery process should mainly be guided by economics and commercial status. Here are some other possible guidelines ... 

All information is from the vendor and has not been independently verified. The commercial status of this technology is unknown. 

The AER was developed by J.M. Huber Corporation. The process is patented and all patents are owned by the vendor. In 1984, the process was fully permitted under the Toxic Substance Control Act in Environmental Protection Agency Region VI for the destruction of PCBs (D13468I, p. 46). RIMS was unable to contact the vendor, thus the technology s current commercial status is unknown. 

PACT systems have achieved commercial status abroad. Retech has designed on-site PACT-6 and PACT-8 units, a portable PACT-2 unit, and PACT-1 laboratory unit. This technology is commercially available. 

Since the discovery of Teflon by Roy Plunkett in 1937 a number of fluorinated plastics have reached commercial status. These plastics, exemplified by polytetrafluoroethylene (PIPE), have outstanding electrical, chemical, and thermal properties. AU these commercial materials are either crystaUine or semicrystalline. Teflon AF is a family of amorphous copolymers that retain the desirable electrical, chemical, and thermal properties of semicrystalline fluorinated plastics and also have such properties associated with amorphous materials as optical clarity, improved physical properties, and solubility in selected fluorinated solvents. 

An enormous variety of cationic azo structures have appeared in the patent literature and many of these have achieved commercial status. As previously described, they can be divided conveniently into two types depending on the location of the charge. Pendant charges can be introduced (e.g. 32) by the incorporation of a suitable aminoethyl group in a disperse type dye (69BRP1147546). 

Other heterocycles which have received attention include the aminoisothiazoles and the 3-amino-2,l-benzisothiazoles. The former compounds give rise to bluish-red dyes or reddish-blue dyes if substituted by a nitro group but they have been of little commercial interest. However, dyes derived from 3-amino-6-nitro-2,l-benzisothiazole (69MI11200), such as structure (50), are blue to greenish-blue and have achieved commercial status. Dyes... 

Water-soluble biodegradable polycarboxylates with an acetal or ketal weak link were inventions of Monsanto scientists in the course of their search for biodegradable deteigent polymers. However, the polymers were prevented by economics from reaching commercial status. The polymers are based on the anionic or cationic polymerization of glyoxylic esters at low temperature (molecular weight is inversely proportional to the polymerization temperature) and subsequent hydrolysis to the salt form of the polyacid, which is a hemiacetal (R = H) or ketal (R = CH3) if methylglyoxylic acid is used, and stable under basic conditions. 

Nevertheless, the field of radiation processing is growing, and an increasing number of products or processing methods are achieving commercial status (3). With increasing awareness and confidence by both the processor and the consumer in the use and safety of radiation sources and facilities, as well as of the end product, the field of process radiation is assured a further growth. In the field of food irradiation, for instance, the... 

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