Glycerol fatty acids and

Phosphatidylinositol (abbreviated Ptdlns, or PI) is a minor class of phospholipids composed of glycerol, fatty acids and inositol. Pis are found in the cytosolic side of eukaryotic cell membranes. They are substrates fora large number of enzymes which are involved in cell signalling. 

Phospholipids containing phosphatidyl, inositol, lecithin, serine, and ethanolamine (Stevenson 1986) are the second most abundant identifiable form of organic P in the upper layer of the subsurface. These groups contain glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate (Sims and Pierzjinski 2005). The P in the structure is a diester, which is more susceptible to degradation in soils than monoesters. 

West, C.E., Bickerstaffe, R., Annison, E.F., Linzell, J.L. 1972. Studies on the mode of uptake of blood triglycerides by the mammary gland of the lactating goat. The uptake and incorporation into milk fat and mammary lymph of labeled glycerol, fatty acids and triglycerides. Biochem. J. 126, 477-490. 

Phosphoglycerides (the major phospholipids) contain glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate. The phosphate is esterified to choline, serine, ethanolamine, or inositol. 

The body needs a supply of ATP to carry out life processes. To provide this ATP, we consume a variety of energy-rich food molecules carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. In the digestive tract these large molecules are degraded into smaller molecules (monosaccharides, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids) that are absorbed by our cells. These molecules are further broken down to generate ATP. 

Glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphoric acid are frequently obtained as degradation products of lipids. 

CHEMISTRY VII ALCOHOLS, ESTERS, GLYCEROL, FATTY ACIDS AND TRIGLYCERIDES 107... 

Nicotinamide functions in the animal body as the active group of two important coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).These coenzymes are involved in the mechanism of hydrogen transfer in living cells (see Chapter 9) NAD is involved in the oxidative phosphorylation system, the tricyclic acid (TCA) cycle and the metabolism of many molecules, including pyruvate, acetate, (3-hydroxy-butyrate, glycerol, fatty acids and glutamate NADPH is the hydrogen acceptor in the pentose phosphate pathway. 

Among the polar lipids isolated from group B Streptococci was a novel glyco-phospholipid containing residues of D-glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate (molar proportions 1 3 4 2). The products obtained from acid and alkaline... 

Inositol phosphatides, or phosphoinositides, are found in plants, animals, and micro-organisms and comprise 2 to 9% of the total phosphatides of animal tissues. On hydrolysis they yield wyo-inositol, myo-inositolphosphate, glycerol, fatty acids and, in many cases, various sugars. In the few cases which have been investigated the phosphate group appears to be attached to carbon 3 of wyo-inositol . A more detailed discussion of the phosphoinositides appears in another chapter. 

Manufacture of Fatty Acids and Derivatives. Splitting of fats to produce fatty acids and glycerol (a valuable coproduct) has been practiced since before the 1890s. In early processes, concentrated alkaU reacted with fats to produce soaps followed by acidulation to produce the fatty acids. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, mostly with sulfuric and sulfonic acids, was also practiced. Pressurized equipment was introduced to accelerate the rate of the process, and finally continuous processes were developed to maximize completeness of the reaction (105). Lipolytic enzymes maybe utilized to spHt... 

The sweet water from continuous and batch autoclave processes for splitting fats contains tittle or no mineral acids and salts and requires very tittle in the way of purification, as compared to spent lye from kettle soapmaking (9). The sweet water should be processed promptly after splitting to avoid degradation and loss of glycerol by fermentation. Any fatty acids that rise to the top of the sweet water are skimmed. A small amount of alkali is added to precipitate the dissolved fatty acids and neutralize the liquor. The alkaline liquor is then filtered and evaporated to an 88% cmde glycerol. Sweet water from modem noncatalytic, continuous hydrolysis may be evaporated to ca 88% without chemical treatment. 

Hydrolysis. The first effect of either acid hydrolysis or alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) is the removal of the fatty acids. The saponification value of commercial lecithin is 196. Further decomposition into glycerol, phosphoric acid, and head groups (ie, choline, ethanolamine, etc) may foUow prolonged heating. Lecithin may also be hydrolyzed by enzymes. 

Alkyd resins are produced by reaction of a polybasic acid, such as phthaUc or maleic anhydride, with a polyhydric alcohol, such as glycerol, pentaerythritol, or glycol, in the presence of an oil or fatty acid. The resulting polymeric material can be further modified with other polymers and chemicals such as acryhcs, siUcones, and natural oils. On account of the broad selection of various polybasic acids, polyhydric alcohols, oils and fatty acids, and other modifying ingredients, many different types of alkyd resins can be produced that have a wide range of coating properties (see Alkyd resins). 

To overcome these difficulties, drilling fluids are treated with a variety of mud lubricants available from various suppHers. They are mostly general-purpose, low toxicity, nonfluorescent types that are blends of several anionic or nonionic surfactants and products such as glycols and glycerols, fatty acid esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, and vegetable oil derivatives. Extreme pressure lubricants containing sulfurized or sulfonated derivatives of natural fatty acid products or petroleum-base hydrocarbons can be quite toxic to marine life and are rarely used for environmental reasons. Diesel and mineral oils were once used as lubricants at levels of 3 to 10 vol % but this practice has been curtailed significantly for environmental reasons. 

Mildness nd Skin Additives. The increased frequency of bathing and the changing consumer need has necessitated the development of products having skin care benefits. In addition to the two most common additives, fatty acid and glycerol, there is a wealth of other additives which are frequendy used. Examples include lanolin, vitamin E, aloe vera gel, mineral oil, and baking soda. 

Hydrolysis by Steam. High pressure steam, 4.5—5.0 MPa (650—725 psi), at 250°C in the absence of a catalyst hydroly2es oils and fats to the fatty acids and glycerol (20). The reaction is commonly carried out continuously in a countercurrent method. The glycerol produced during the reaction is continuously extracted from the equiUbrium mixture with water. A yield of 98% can be achieved. Currentiy, the preferred method to produce soaps is steam hydrolysis of fats followed by alkaU neutrali2ation of the fatty acids. 

Acylglycerols can be hydrolyzed by heating with acid or base or by treatment with lipases. Hydrolysis with alkali is called saponification and yields salts of free fatty acids and glycerol. This is how soap (a metal salt of an acid derived from fat) was made by our ancestors. One method used potassium hydroxide potash) leached from wood ashes to hydrolyze animal fat (mostly triacylglycerols). (The tendency of such soaps to be precipitated by Mg and Ca ions in hard water makes them less useful than modern detergents.) When the fatty acids esterified at the first and third carbons of glycerol are different, the sec-... 

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