Alkaline liquors

The sweet water from continuous and batch autoclave processes for splitting fats contains tittle or no mineral acids and salts and requires very tittle in the way of purification, as compared to spent lye from kettle soapmaking (9). The sweet water should be processed promptly after splitting to avoid degradation and loss of glycerol by fermentation. Any fatty acids that rise to the top of the sweet water are skimmed. A small amount of alkali is added to precipitate the dissolved fatty acids and neutralize the liquor. The alkaline liquor is then filtered and evaporated to an 88% cmde glycerol. Sweet water from modem noncatalytic, continuous hydrolysis may be evaporated to ca 88% without chemical treatment. 

The heptamethylene glycol was separated by continuous ether extraction from the alkaline reduction solution after the latter had been diluted and distilled to remove the alcohol. The nonamethylene glycol was separated from the alkaline liquor by decantation (as above) and distilled. All the others were crystallized from benzene (without alcohol). Equally successful results have also been obtained with larger runs (e.g., 0.5 mole of ester),... 

Cements are used mainly for jointing brickworks, drainage gullies, pipes and storage tanks. Portland cement has very poor resistance to acids but good resistance to alkaline liquors. 

Alkali-lSsung, /. solution of alkali, alkaline liquor, -menge,/. amount of alkali, -messer, m. alkalimeter. -measung, /. alkalimetry, -metrie,/. alkalimetry, alkalimetrisch, a. alkalimetric alkaliniach, a. alkaline. — alkalinische Erde, alkaline earth. 

The kraft process evolved from the soda process. The soda process uses an alkaline liquor of only sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The kraft process has virtually replaced the soda process due to the economic benefits of chemical recovery and improved reaction rates (the soda process has a lower yield of pulp per pound of wood furnish than the kraft process). 

There is a so-called dry mercerisation process [275] in which the fabric is padded with caustic soda liquor at 20-25 °C and then dried in a stenter at about 130 °C. An immersion time in the pad trough of 7-10 seconds is sufficient but the goods need a total saturation time in the alkaline liquor of 30-40 seconds, i.e. from the nip to entry into the drying zone. 

The spent liquors may contain lint and residual size that can be removed by filtration. Weakly alkaline liquors represent a cost problem, however. Although limited amounts of less dilute liquor may be recycled and used in boiling-off or scouring, the major proportion becomes a rather troublesome component of the effluent load. Neutralisation simply increases the salt content of the effluent. Recovery of the alkali by vacuum evaporation is the usual procedure [282,283]. 

An emulsion, formed during extraction of a strongly alkaline liquor with trichloroethylene, decomposed with evolution of the spontaneously flammable gas, dichloro-acetylene [1]. This reaction could also occur if alkaline metal-stripping preparations were used in conjunction with trichloroethylene degreasing preparations, some of which also contain amines as inhibitors, which could also cause the same reaction [2], Apparently accidental contact of the solvent with potassium hydroxide solution led to generation of flames in the charging port of a stirred reactor [3], See Tetrachloroethylene Sodium hydroxide... 

Hydrochloric add, on being boiled with lignin, turn red, and ultimately brown. In the solid state, it be-. comes black, but does not dissolve in the acid. When this substance is washed and dried, it burns with flame, bowing that it is only modified lignin, and not entirely carbonized. Fused potossa, or a strong solution of this alkali, changes a portion of the matter into oxalic and acetic acide, which combine with the base the alkaline liquor, when treated with acids, ports with a modified lignin which is blued by iodine. 

Effluents from both dye works and dyehouses are treated both before leaving the plant, e.g.. neutralization of acidic and alkaline liquors and heavy metal removal, and in municipal sewage works. Various treatments are used. 

In the case of faulty dyeing, the dye can be largely stripped by treatment at 120°C with benzyl alcohol in an aqueous bath or with a carrier and a retarder which has a leveling effect in the presence of hydrosulfite in an alkaline liquor. 

A deep-brown liquid distils over which smolls of isoqninoline, and this is saturated with hydrogen chloride, the hydrochloride of the base filtered and dried, and it may then be decomposed by aqueous potash. The isoquinolino, which may be obtained by extraction of the alkaline liquor with ethor, or distillation with steam, may be further purified by formation of the picrate and its subsequent decomposition. M.p. 23°. B.p. 241°. 

Gallium Alkaline liquors from bauxite leaching (Bayer process) Extractants 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives... 

TEX-WET 1001 is a surface active agent with outstanding wetting and rewetting properties. It remains highly efficient in hot and cold solutions and is stable in hard water, mild acid and mild alkaline liquors. 

After boiling-off, the silk is thoroughly washed with lot of water at 50-60 C containing lml/1 ammonia for 15-20 min. This is then followed by 1 to 2 cold rinsing baths. Half-boiled silk should not be subjected to hot soap baths and alkaline liquors over 30°C because this would act on the silk gum still present. 

Mather and Platt horizontal kier (Fig. 5-5) consists of a horizontal shell with usual mountings and accessories. Four wagons are supplied with the machine, two are filled with fabric outside the kier whilst the other two are in process in the kier. The goods saturated with scouring solution are run on the iron rails secured to the kier bottom and then the front door is closed and fastened. The hot alkaline liquor is then circulated for 6-8 h under required pressure and temperature depending on the type of goods. The bath is heated by an external multitubular heater and the... 

It is a well known fact that bleaching is more rapid in alkaline than in acid solutions. This may well be because the hydroxyl groups present in the alkaline liquor neutralize the hydrogen ions thereby promoting the liberation of perhydroxyl ions. 

That the equilibrium is reversible, is demonstrated by the fact that -dyed wool is boiled in a strong solution of sodium sulphate, a large pn tion of the dye will be extracted from the fibre. In the case of the acid ing dyes which are applied in neutral or faintly alkaline liquors, the i of electrolytes is reversed and they promote exhaustion. It has beer gested that the wool is negatively charged, thus tending to repel the larly charged anions. The presence of electrolytes reduces the neg... 

It must, however, be emphasized that at 120 C (248°F) there is significant degradation of the wool which becomes more marked in strongly-acid or neutral-to-alkaline liquors. Wool should never be dyed, therefore, above 110°C (230°F), at wbicb temperature the duration of the operation must not exceed 60 minutes, and many dyers prefer to work at 105°C (221°F). In order to establish the best conditions to avoid degradation the pH value should be within the limits of 3 to 6-5. 

Shades can be corrected by additions of predissolved reactive dyes to the alkaline liquor, but it is desirable that those with comparatively low substantivity should be selected, such as ... 

Many applications for tungsten have been suggested because of its ability to resist corrosion of acid and alkaline liquors, such as gauze in centrifugal machines, frames and supports for filter... 

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