Genomics and

ITS Sequence tagged site. A short DNA sequence that occurs just once in the human genome and whose location and base sequence are known... 

Biotechnology. Particular attention must be paid to the detection of DNA in all finished biotechnology products because of the possibiUty that such DNA could be incorporated into the human genome and thus become a potential oncogene. The absence of DNA at the picogram-per-dose level should be demonstrated in order to assure the safety of biotechnology products (157). 

The most widely used DNA vims vectors are derived from adenovirus (Ad) and adeno-associated viius (AAV). Adenoviruses contain a 36-kb double-stranded DNA genome and can infect a broad spectrum of cells, including nondividing cells like hepatocytes and neuronal cells. Ad vectors can be produced at high... 

The proteome has been defined as the entire protein complement expressed by a genome. Thus the field of proteomics involves the extensive study of the dynamic protein products of the genome and includes... 

Nitrilases are quite rare in bacterial genomes and less than 20 were reported prior to the application of metagenomics for their detection in environmental DNA [81]. Two studies targeting environmental genomes report the detection of more than 337 novel nitrilases. This has dramatically increased the amount of information about nitrilases, and the newly discovered diversity can be applied for the enantioselective production of hydroxy carboxylic add derivatives [81]. 

Acknowledgments This is part of the activities of the VIRGIL European Network of ExceUence on Antiviral Drug Resistance supported by a grant (LSHM-CT-2004-503359) from the Priority 1 Life Sciences, Genomics and Biotechnology for Health and is supported by a grant from the FWO (no. G.0267.04). 

Based on the predicted effects on HIV-1 and T cell dynamics, antiviral genes have been grouped into three classes (Fig. 1) (von Laer et al. 2006b). Early inhibitors are classified as class 1, inhibitors of intracellular reproduction of the viral genome and production of viral gene product are class II, and late inhibitors are considered class 111. A comprehensive list of types of antiviral genes reported to date for each class is found in Table 1 (von Laer et al. 2006a). 

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